Hougan: anthropometry

Human factors - ergonomics

Glen Hougan Winter 2010

classification


psychological aspects


visual detection

visual perception of texture

colour blindness
Visual processes

perception of form and shape

visual illusions


sensitivity

auditory processes

perception


Touch sensitivity

cutaneous processes

Pain sensitivity

Temperature sensitivity


Taste and olfactory processes


Time perception


imagery
reading

memory
learning
Cognitive processes
search

problem solving

language communication


complex movements

tracking movements

motor processes
speech

simple movements

movement organization


errors accuracy and reliability

manual control

human performance
attention

performance strategies

reaction time and speed


Physiological and anatomical aspects


Brain function

Nervous system
physiology of the nervous system

Visual sensory systems


Body temperature regulation

Respiratory processes

basic functions

Reproductive processes

Cardiac processes


static

work capacity

dynamic


static body measurements
dynamic body measurements

posture biomechanics
muscular strength


gender age status

experience and practice

pregnancy group factors

Trained versus untrained

Culture and ethnic group


intelligence ability attitude

Physical fitness

achievementindividual differences

personality and temperament

state of health


arousal drugs

nutrition

Psychophysical state variables

fatigue
sleep

fear


vigilance task complexity

monotony and boredom

task related factors
stress

sensory depravation personal isolation


Information presentation and communication


Visual communication


display and control design


environment

illumination > noise > vibration > climate > atmosphere > altitude

Work design and organization

hours of work > training > supervsion > job attitude

HEALTH AND SAFETY


CREATING YOUR OWN TEMPLATE TO UNDERSTAND
HUMAN FACTORS


1.  Anthropometry
2.  Biomechanics


the average U.S. woman is 5' 3.7 (162 centimeters) tall and weighs
152 pounds (69 kilograms).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services


5”4”


Meas. Barbie US Army

height 5’10” 5’4”

Chest circum. 35” 35.7”

Waist circum 20” 31”

Hip circum 32.50” 38.10”

Hip breadth 11.6” 13.49”

Thigh circum 19.35” 22.85”


the average U.S. male stands 5' 9.1 tall and weighs 180 pounds

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services


Meas. Ken US Army

height 6’0” 5’9”

Chest circum. 38.4” 39”

Waist circum 28.8” 35.1”

Hip circum 36” 38.7”

Hip breadth 12.2” 13.46”

Thigh circum 20.4” 23.48”


The NHANES III was a comprehensive survey
of the American population during years 1988-1994.


Human variations
Intra-individual


Human variations
Inter-individual


Human variations
Secular variability


Chopsticks

24 male subjects in ages 18-21 that were right-handed

Testing
handle diameter with three levels
Tip angle with four levels

Each subject asked to do 4 tasks with 2 different combinations


Chopsticks

Food pinching - pick up peanuts from dish and put in cup and
number of peanuts were counted within a certain time limit


Chopsticks

Food shearing - grip sponge cake and shear it in two.

Elapsed time was measured


Chopsticks

Food thrusting - thrust 10 pieces of sumulated food into dish and then
pick it up.

Elapsed time was measured


Chopsticks

Food pulling - grip a simulated food (eraser) and pull it towards the
mouth until it pulled off

Push pull scale was tied to the food.


Chopsticks

Semantic differential scale

4 adjective pairs

1.  Arm aching-arm unaching

2.  Gripping easy - gripping difficulty

3.  Exerting easy - exerting difficulty

4.  Comfortable - uncomfortable

Mark these on a scale of 1 to 9


Chopsticks

Conclusions

Chopstick handle diameter and tip angle have a significant influence
on eating efficiency

Optimum chopstick

1.  6 mm handle diameter
2.  2 degree tip angle
3.  4 mm dip diameter
4.  180 - 240 mm long chopsticks (earlier study)


Chopsticks

The optimum length of a chopstick is 210mm (Wu, 1995) and this…

References
Wu, Swei-Pi, (1995) Effects of the handle diameter and tip angle
of chopsticks on the food serving performance of male subjects.
Applied Ergonomics 28 (4), pg. 237-244.


The field of study involving
classical mechanical
principles and their
relationships as used or
applied to living organisms or
biological tissues in motion.

i.e. body movement and
bone strain.

• 


Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise


Motor Control


Muscle


Gait and Locomotion


Biomedical Engineering


Orthopaedics


Orthotics and Prosthetics

Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise

Motor Control

Muscle

Gait and Locomotion

Biomedical Engineering

Orthopaedics

Orthotics and Prosthetics

Snow shovelling


Heart attacks

Similar to weight lifting
Lots of exertion not much movement
Raises blood pressure and heart attack

Multi-joint movement
Small muscles in the lower back
Large leg muscles

Shoveling snow can cause disc compression
(Hansson & Oberg, 1996)

Repetitive motion increases risk of injury


Posture
Upright erect stance with feed wide apart

Warm up - warm down
Stretching

Clothes
Don’t over dress


Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature.
Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18

1.  Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?

•  Steel - most durable but heaviest
•  Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge)
•  Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly


Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature.
Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18

1.  Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?

•  Steel - most durable but heaviest
•  Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge)
•  Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly

Plastic

•  Lighter the shovel the easier it will be to lift.


1.  Blade size - what are the issues?

•  taller and heavier people blades should be 18” x 16”
•  shorter and lighter person the blades should be 16 1/2” x 14 1/2”

18” blades take up 3/4 of sidewalk and are optimum for maximizing the load


1.  Shaft length - what are the issues?

•  taller and heavier people the shaft should be 52” with a 1 1/4” handle
•  shorter and lighter person the shaft should be 42” and 1 1/2 handle

Relatively longer shaft will reduce operators trunk flexion

However, maximum force at the right erector spinae muscle is increased

What can one do?

Make shaft adjustible


•  The shaft should be angled at 60 degrees towards the bottom of the shaft
and 35 degrees for the upper portion of the shaft.

•  The bend should occur at the 2/3 mark of the shaft (measuring from the top)


Handle - what are the issues?

•  Handle should allow user to grip with mittens - cushioned D grip

•  Handles should be made out of fibre glass


DSGN 3210
STATURE 50.3 in

Sarah Orford

January 20, 2010
SHOULDER HEIGHT 22.2 in

HEAD LENGTH 7.5 in

MAX SEAT HEIGHT 17.6 in
HEAD WIDTH 7.2 in

SHOULDER ELLBOW CONTORL HEIGHT 13 in

KNEE HEIGHT19.25 in

STATURE 62.5 in

KNEE HEIGHT 15.8 in
HEAD WIDTH 5 in

FINGER TIP HEIGHT 23 in HEAD LENGTH 8 in

CROTCH HEIGHT 30 in

SHOULDER HEIGHT 52.5 in

63.5" STATURE

8" HEAD LENGTH
WIDTH
6.5" HEAD

25" FINGER TIP HGT

30" CROTCH HGT

52" SHOULDER HGT

16" MAX SEAT HGT 22" SHOULDER HGT SITTING
KATE MITCHELL

JANUARY 20, 2010

12" SHOULDER ELBOW
DSGN 3010 - HUMAN FACTORS

CONTROL HGTS

19" KNEE HGT

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