predictors of aggression , violence, excitement , psychoanalytic theory , humanistic theory, social learning , prevention , treatment , control of aggression , media violence

1. Aggression
And Violence
By Heba Essawy
Prof. Psychiatry

2. Definition
Aggression refers to behavior between
members that is :
 Can be phycical or emotional.
 Intended to cause pain or harm.
 People can avoid such treatment or
may fight back.

3. Violence and Excitement
 Violence : Aggression by force.
- Formed of destructive behavior that can
endanger life or produce adverse effects
on victims .
 Excitement : ↑ psychomotor activity in
psychiatric problem.

4. Forms Of Aggression
 Aggresion has a defensive behavior is not
normally considered "aggression.“
 Forms of aggression:
** Physical.
**Mental.
**Verbal.

5. Situation Producing Aggression
 Toxic and organic state (Substance
abuse ).
 Developmental Disability.
 Florid Psychosis.
 Conduct Disorder.
 Psychological Stress.

6. Predictors Of Aggression
 Enjoy in watching or inflicting harm.
 Self View as Victim.
 Childhood Deprivation.
 Early Loss of parents.
 Prior Violent Act.
 Fire Setting , cruelty to animals.

7. MODELS OF AGGRESSION
 Biological Basis of Aggression
Anatomical.
Biological.
chromosomal
 Psychological
Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
Social Learning theory

8. Biological Basis of Aggression
A) Anatomical Basis ( Neural Substrates):
- Limbic System.
- Amygdala.
- Temporal Lobe.
- Hypothalamus.
- RAS.
- Cerebral Cortex( modulate agg.
Behavior).

9. LIMBIC SYSTEM MODEL
CORTEX
↓
RAS
↓↓
Hippocampus Amygdala for
For relaxation fight
▼ ▼
Hypothalamus

10. Neurotransmitters
♦ 5HT → Impulsive Bebavior.
♦NE → Arousal
♦DA→ Psychomotor agitation.
♦GABA → Disinhibition

11. Neuroendocrinal
♦Estrogen → ↓aggression in Receptive period.
♦Progesterone → Increase aggression.
♦Prolactin → Increase aggression( birds).
♦ ACTH → Modulate aggression.
♦Testosterone → Increase aggressive.
♦Thyroid Hormones→ Increase aggression

12. Psychological Model
 1- Psychoanalytic Theory
 2- Humanistic theory.
 3-Social Learning Theory.

13. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Aggression as an instinctive behavior
♦ Freudian:
* Human behavior stemmed from
interplay between two basic Instincts:
►Eros ( life , sex, reproduction).
► Thanatos( Death ,
aggression).

14. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Aggression developed during :
_ Oral Phase : pleasure of bitting .
_ Fixation Of Instincts (enforce toilet
training) :
_ Impaired superego.

15. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Impaired mother child relationship:
_ punitive Parents.
_ Sex Difference.
_ Socio – economic Factors.
Comments:
* Catharsis: discharge of Thanatos.
* Aggression is inevitable, Innate .

16. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Lorenz s view
- Fighting Instincts during evolution
to Protect Human territory.
- Direct Behavior Creativity &→
mastering.
- Love & friendship can block
aggression.
♣optimistic, can be rechallenged to
non injurious acts as love, friendship

17. Psychoanalytic Theories
 Addller s View:
- Striving for Superiority.
- perfection.
 Mc Dougall s View :( instinct)
- replace physical aggression to
sarcastic smiles, Polished insulting
words.
* If fails , individual regerss to primitive
way of behavior.

18. Humanistic Theory
 Aggression is
1-A Product Of Frustration
2- resulting of blocking goal in life .
SO, Frustration → arousal of drive →
Harming persons or objects.

19. Humanistic Theory
Basic Concepts ( Drive theory )
- Is elicited drive depends on external factors as
pain
humiliation
loss of faith

20. Humanistic Theory
2- Frustration – Aggression theory
**Arise from deprivation from basic human
needs (Maslow).
- To Control : Accepting environment.
Fulfill basic needs.
NO humiliation.
→→ AGGRESSION is evitable
through satisfaction of basic needs.

21. Social learning Theory
 Albert Bandura s View:
- Learned behavior .
- Reinforced by rewards.
- Not born with repertoire of aggression
- Acquired through past experience .

22. Determinants of aggression
 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
Frustration
Direct Provocation
Media Violence
 Environmental Determinants.
 Situational Determinants.

23. Social determinants
Media Violence:
 Disinhibition .
 Desensitization.
 Arousal of Aggressive feeling.
 Encouragement Of Risk Taking.
 ↑ exposure to violent material will ↑violent
fantasies.

24. Social Determinants
 Relies on :
1. Role Modeling .
2. Identification.
3. Human Interaction.
 Learned By :
* Imitation.
* Reinforced

25. Enviromental Determinants
 Air Pollution:
*Exposure to noxious odors .
* Chemical plants.
 Noise.
 Crowding .
 Heat.

26. Situational Determinants
 Heightened Physiological Arousal:
- Stress.
- Anxiety.
- Participation in Competitive Activities.
- Vigorous Exercise.
- Exposure to Pain .

27. Prevention & Control Of
Aggression
 Punishment.
 Catharsis.
 Social Skill Training.
 Induction Of Incompatible Behavior:
1. Empathy.
2. Humor.
3. Cognitive Task

28. Pharmacotherapy
 - Drugs promote Serotonin.
 - Drugs block dopamine
(↓drive & motivation for
aggression).
 - Antiepileptic (↓Kindling).
 - Mood stabilizer( Lithium ).
 - Hormonal treatment.
 - Psychosurgery

29. THANK S

30. CONTROL OF AGGRESSION
 1- OPTIMISTIC VIEW:
* Behavioral Therapy
* Behavioral Cognetive Therapy.
 2- Pessimistic view:
* Observational.
* Disinhibition .
* Desensitization.

32. Television Violence
 Has a short – term stimulation effect on
aggressive behavior.
 Portrays the world as a more hostile place.
 Justified Violence.
 Cues aggressive ideas in children.

33. How aggression begins ?
 Conditions producing aggressive
impulses.
 Person have violent thoughts or fantasies.
 If loose control, thoughts become acts.

34. COGNITIVE THEORY
- Obtaining , organizing and using
intellectual knowledge .
- Mental operation & store bits in memory
to be retrived.
- relies on understanding.
- Understanding the connection between
cause and effect.

35. Situational Factors
 Sexual Arousal:
* Depend on the erotic material .
* Erotica are mild → Aggression is low.
* If Explicit ----------→ Aggression is
high.
 Pain:
*Arouse agg. Drive.
* Aggression to any target.

36. DEFINITION
♣ Forms of Aggression :
∂. Tendency to be physically
assaultive : violence & force.
∂. Indirect expressed hostility.
∂. Verbally expressed anger.
∂. Humors.
∂. Rumors.

37. THANK s

38. Chromosomal Abnormalities
 Twin Studies
 Chromosomal influence.
 In inborn error in metabolism.
 Genetically determined diseases.

39. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
 Frustration:
Aggression Always stems from frustration.
 Direct Provocation:
- Physical or Verbal Abuse.
once begins Unsetting pattern of
Escalation.

40. Defensive mechanism.
 Projection .
 Narcissism.
 Repression.
 Introjection .
 Displacement.

41. Can We Predict Aggression ?
Personal Factor :
 Frequent Threats.
 Access to instrument Of Violence.
 Chronic Anger and Hostility .