1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December, pp. 208-213
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IJCIET
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EVALUATION OF RUNOFF DEPTH FOR AL-ADEEM RIVER BASIN BY
USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE AND GIS INTEGRATION
Dr. GhassanAl-adeem AL-Dulaimi*
*Institute of TechnologyBaghdad
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine runoff depth for Al-adeem river basin in north eastern
part of Iraq by using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integration.
Various data sets were used such as Landsat7-ETM satellite image, 1:25000 standard
topographic map and soil map data. The basin area and physical characteristics of the studied area
such as slope and aspect maps were determined with the help of DEM (Digital Elevation Model)by
using Global Mapper 11 software. Supervised classification process was used in this research to
drive the land cover map by using ERDAS 8.4 program. A hydrological model US Soil Conservation
Service method or (SCS) method was used to determine curve numbers and runoff depth distribution
on the entire studied basin.
Results obtained from this research coincide with varying morphology of studied basin. High runoff
depth obtained in the middle parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with low infiltration
rate(clayey soil) and pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth
obtained in the north parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with high infiltration rate(course
sand and gravel soils) and shrub land cover that has an ability of low retention.
Keyword: Runoff depth, ERDAS, SCS Model
2.
INTRODUCTION
For the last years, engineers and planners have been working on the modeling of
environmental system. An accurate modeling of basin will require determination of the spatial and
temporal distribution of hydrological parameters. Remote sensing and Geographic Information
system within creasing the advancement of the computer technology have been applying to extract
land surface properties at spatial and temporal scales which are very useful input data for
hydrological model.
Land use and land cover have several impacts on the hydrological cycle such as floods,
droughts, runoff, water-quality. Rainfall-Runoff model play an important role to understand
hydrological condition of basin area and predict their behavior over time.
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2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
Conventional hydrological model, to estimate runoff model input parameters have to be determined
through ground truth measurements which still need huge economic and time labor consuming.
Therefore remote sensing can also provide information about runoff input data most cost-effective
cost
and large-land coverage.
Direct measurement of runoff is the accurate way of measurement but in most it is not
possible at desired time and location, thus use of hydrological model for estimating run depth has
runoff
become increasingly popular.
Al-adeem River basin lies in the Iraqi land. It originates at mountainous parts in north eastern
adeem
of Iraq, from the southern foots of (Karadagh), (Skermahdagh), (Tasslugga) and (Shwan) mountains
in Sulaymania governorate. The height of these mountains varies from 1400 to 1800m above sea
rnorate.
level. Studied area is about 13000km²; Al-adeem River is considered one of the main Tigris
Al adeem
tributaries. It occupies most of Kirkuk governorate area and discharges in Tigris River south of
so
Ballad city .The basin extends between the two basins of Lesser Zab River at the north and Diyala
River at the south in the region located between the latitudes 340 and 350 34’nourh and the
longitudes 43030’ and 450 30’ east . The important valleys that the river originates from (Khassa
Chai), (Tawok Chai),and (Quri Chai).
The area of this region is about (11000km2) which forms (85%) from the whole basin area.
The basin has an erodible and weak top soil which is easily washed out towards the stream after rain
strea
storms, thus causing an increase of sediments loads in River water. So, Al-adeem River peak flow
Al adeem
badly influences domestic water at Baghdad city, especially when Tigris has low levels because of
the difficulties of purifying the water from fine sediments [1].
fin
All Iraqi rivers are considered as mixing river where they are fed by rain, ice and ground water,
except Al-adeem River which is classified as a rain–fed river due to its main dependence on rainfall
adeem
rain fed
in feeding its basin [2].
3.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
A Satellite image of Landsat7 ETM corrected was used in this research as shown in Fig. (1)
Landsat7-ETM
The satellite data was visually interoperated and accuracy was checked on the ground. Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) was created using Global Mapper.11 Fig. (2).
Fig. (1) Satellite image Landsat 7-ETM
7
for studied basin
Fig (2) Digital elevation model (DEM)
for studied basin Global Mapper 11
209

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
The DEM map used for drive slope map for the catchment area by using the same software
(Global Mapper .11), Fig.(3) shows the slope map for the studied catchment area.
Fig. (3) Slope map for studied basin Global Mapper 11.1
ERDAS 8.4 software used for produce supervised classification map[3] depending on the
produce
Hydraulic Soil Group map (HSG) for the catchment area that constructed by using Arc Veiw GIS 3.3
software depending on the soil data for the catchment area as shown in Fig.(4) and Fig.(5). The basin
dived into four sub-basins according to the variety in soil type, land cover and divide flow Fig.(6).
basins
Fig.(4) Hydraulic soil group (HSG)
map for studied basin ArcVeiw GIS 3.3
Fig.(5) Supervised classification map
for studied basin ERDAS 8.4
210

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
The Soil Conservation Model (SCS)[4]was used in this research as a hydrological model to
drive the runoff depth in catchment area, the main input data in this model is the rainfall data which
collected from Kirkuk metrological station. Average rainfall data found by using Isohyetal method.
The soil conservation model (SCS) developed by United states Department of Agriculture (USDA)
computes direct runoff through an empirical equation that requires the rainfall and a watershed
coefficient as inputs. The SCS has developed an index, which is called the runoff curve number
(CN), to represent the combined hydrologic effect of soil, land use, agricultural, land treatment class
hydrologic condition, and antecedent soil moisture condition.
General equation for the SCS curve number method is as follows [5]:
F
Q
ൌ
… … … . . ሺ1ሻ
S PെI
Where P: rainfall depth (mm), F: actual retention (mm), S: watershed storage (mm), Q: actual direct
runoff (mm), I: initial abstraction.
From the continuity principle:
F ൌ ሺP െ Iሻ െ Q … … … ሺ2ሻ
The SCS method defined the value of initial abstraction (I) to be approximately equal to 20% of
watershed storage (S).
‫ ܫ‬ൌ 0.2 ൈ S … … … … … … … . ሺ3ሻ
Solving equation (1) and (2)
simultaneously:
ܳൌ
ሺܲ െ 0.2ܵሻଶ
ܲ ൅ 0.8ܵ
… … . . ሺ4ሻ
The watershed storage S and curve number CN are related
ܵൌ
25400
െ 254 … … … ሺ5ሻ
‫ܰܥ‬
The parameter CN, having a range of value between 0 and 100, called the curve number. In
this method a curve number (CN) assigned to each watershed or portion of watershed based on soil
type, land use and treatment .Fig.(7) shows curve number (CN) value for each sub-basin depending
on soil type and land cover by using SCS tables.
211

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
Fig.(7) Curve number(CN) map For
studied basin
basin
Fig.(6) Sub-basin number
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The curve number value (CN) that obtained from Fig. (7) substitute in Equation (5) to obtain
watershed storage (S).Runoff depth (Q) calculated by substitute watershed storage (S) and rainfall
depth (P) values in equation (4).Table (1) shows the calculation process determine runoff depth for
processto
each sub-basin, from this table it’s obviously that the value of curve number (CN) have a direct
basin,
proportion relationship with runoff depth. High runoff depth can be obtained with high curve number
value and vice versa.
Fig.(8) shows the average runoff depth (Q) for each sub-basin in February month that expect
sub basin
to be most rainy month.
Table (1) Runoff depth (mm)
Areal
Rainfall
(mm)
CN
S
Ia
(P-Ia)²
Runoff (Q)
(mm)
175
65
136
27.2
21844.84
76.97
177
82
55.7
11.14
27509.5
124.16
III
182
68
119.5
23.9
24995.61
90
IV
181
75
84.6
16.92
26922.2
108.26
Subbasin No.
month
I
II
Feb.
212

6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
Fig. (8) Runoff depth map for studied basin
5.
CONCLUSION
In this research showed that the remote sensing and GIS technique are very useful tools to
determine the runoff depth in Al-adeem River basin. The result obtained from this research coincides
adeem
with the diversity in soil type and land cover of the basin. High runoff depth obtained in sub
sub-basin
(II) that has a hydraulic soil group Type (D) which specified by a very slow infiltration rates and
pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth obtained in the north parts
of the basin (sub-basin II) that consist mainly from hydraulic soil group Type (A) which specified by
a high infiltration rate(course sand and gravel soils) and shrubland cover that has an ability of low
retention.
REFERENCES
1. Ali, S.H.,The hydrology of Tigris river basin in Iraq, PhD Dissertation, College of Arts ,
University Of Baghdad , Iraq.1981.
ersity
2. Sanad, A .E. Simulation of hydrological processes by using digital computers. Msc.
Dissertation .Civil department, College of engineering. University of Baghdad,Iraq. 1985.
3. Kenie T.J.M, Remote sensing in civil engineering, Surrey university press, 1992.
engin
4. Ponce,V.M,Engineering Hydrology Principles And Practices, Prentice-HallLondon,1989.
Prentice HallLondon,1989.
5. Mccuen R.H.,A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Method,2nded.,University of
Maryland, Prentice-Hall,1992.
6. Mohammed Hashim Ameen a Dr. R. K. Pandey, “Delineation of Irrigation Infrastructural,
and
f
Potential and Land Use/ Land Cover of Muzaffarnagar by using Remote Sensing and GIS”,
nd
sing
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013,
pp. 1 - 11, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
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