Sustainability: Actors, Behavior, and Transparency

R Farrahi Moghaddam - Report - December 15th, 2014
EcoloTIC Annual Workshop 2014
Sustainability: Actors, Behavior, and Transparency Durabilité : Acteurs, comportement , et transparence
Reza FARRAHI MOGHADDAM1,2
1Synchromedia Lab, ETS, UduQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
2CIRODD, Montreal, QC, Canada
Room A-408, Plateforme d'idéation, INGO Innovation Hub, 355 Peel, Montreal, QC, Canada
December 15th, 2014

Outline
•Part 1: A Graph-based Perspective to Footprint Assessment
•Part 2: SmartPacket - Redistributing the Routing Intelligence among Network Components in SDNs
•Part 3: Profiling without ‘Profiling’ – Use Case of a Federated Approach to Resource Management in Smart House
•Part 4: A Multi-Entity Input Output (MEIO) Approach to Sustainability - Water-Energy-GHG (WEG) Footprint Statements
•Part 5 (Afternoon): Dynamic Network Topology-on-Demand for SDNs Using Failure-resilience Generalized Topologies of Physical Underlay
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Part 1: A Graph-based Perspective to Total Footprint Assessment of Non-marginal Technology-driven Projects - Use case of OTT/IPTV [2] Partie 1 : Une perspective fondée graphique à empreinte absolu évaluation des projets axée sur la technologie non-marginaux - Utilisation cas de OTT / IPTV [2]
Reza FARRAHI MOGHADDAM,1,2
December 15th, 2014

Summary of Part 1 (Graph-based LCA)
1.Because of the complexity of interactions: Differential LCA with respect to a baseline, i.e., a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario
2.We could easily fail to acknowledge critical modifications to the baseline
3.This is highly relevant in terms of ICT’s disruptive and dynamic technologies which push the baseline to become a marginal legacy
4.In this work, an analytic formalism is presented to provide a means of comparison of such disruptive technologies and projects [2]
5.The core idea behind the proposed methodology is a magnitude- insensitive graph-based distance function to differentially compare a project with a baseline
6.The applicability of the proposed methodology is then evaluated in a use case of OTT/IPTV online media distribution services
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Issue 1: Aggregation beyond Decision Boundaries
Original Footprint Graph of 2 Actors A and B
Traditional Aggregation
Proposed Label-based Aggregation [2]
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IF we do not aggregation, how to compare? [2]
Footprint Graph 1 (Baseline)
Footprint Graph 2 (Project)
Differential Footprint Graph: d(G2, G1)
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IF we do not aggregation, how to compare? [2], Cont’d
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•A graph G is defined as tuple
G = (V,E,Ω,U,A),
where V is a set of its associated vertices (nodes), E is a set of its directed edges, Ω is a set of weights assigned to edges, U is a set of uncertainties associated with the edges, and A is a set of attributes associated to either a node or an edge.

IF we do not aggregation, how to compare? [2], Cont’d
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Relative Weighted Graph Size
Vertex-related of Relative Weighted Graph Size
Edge-related of Relative Weighted Graph Size
Attribute-aware Weight of a Vertex
Proposed Relative Distance between two Graphs

Use Case: Access Network, SVoD (IPTV), LCA [2]
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Use Case: Access Network, SVoD (IPTV), LCA [2], Cont’d
•(S)VoD providers (Netflix, Google, etc.):
–CDNs (Google Global Cache, Netflix Open Connect):
•Penetration level: Tier 3 NSP
•At-the-door:
–1,000 Mbps (Fixed-line Fiber or Mobile LTE-A)
•The bottleneck and hot spot is in the middle:
–Access of the local ISP
•It is visible in the financial assessments ($200,000/mo), but invisible in the traditional aggregation-based footprint assessments
•It could be a core factor in net neutrality debate
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Energy and GHG Footprint of various Components (from [Malmodin2014])

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Two Proposed Projects:
Name
Micro-Registration Project
Delayed Micro-Registration Project
Details
Registering requests in 5-secs apart streams, along with multicast
Registering requests in 15-secs apart streams, along with multicast
Strategy
Forced
Multi-Offer, Instant-Default
Min Bitrate
6.9 Mbps (independent from number of viewers)
20.7 Mbps (independent from number of viewers)
Assumption:
1.5,000 simultaneous viewers (distributed in a time shift of 30 minutes at 6PM)
2.The limit of local ISP access: 2,488.32 Mbps
3.The baseline bitrate would be 0.5 Mbps (Compared to HD recommended: 5 Mbps)

Use Case: Access Network, SVoD (IPTV), LCA [2], Cont’d Absolute value difference with respect to baseline is negligible
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Energy and GHG Footprint of various Components (Micro-Registration Project)

Use Case: Access Network, SVoD (IPTV), LCA [2], Cont’d However, the proposed graph-based relative distance could highlight the potential of the projects
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Comparison of Traditional Assessment vs. Proposed Graph-based Distance

Similar Approaches
•Streaming Video Alliance (http://www.streamingvideoalliance.org/):
–Open Caching: Penetrating Beyond Traditional CDNs
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Part 2: SmartPacket - Redistributing the Routing Intelligence among Network Components in SDNs [1] Partie 2 : SmartPacket - Redistribution de l'Intelligence de routage entre les composants réseau dans le SDN [1]
December 15th, 2014

Summary of Part 2 (SmartPacket)
1.Although circuit switching and burst switching are more efficient in the inter- DCN and also in (some of) the intra-data center use cases, packet routing and switching would stand the best practice in the access and edge networks
2.The proposed approach: redistributing decision makings among network elements including the packets themselves toward decentralized SDNs
3.Main concept: a new region-based, multipath-enabled packet routing called SmartPacket Routing [1]
4.This brings efficiency and scalability, and lower environmental footprint
5.Header’s region stack: a partial or full regional path (‘recipe’) of a packet
6.QoS requirements of the packet (or its associated flow) is also considered in the packet header in order to enable autonomous QoS-aware routing at region level without requiring a centralized controller
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Current Issues [1]
•IP aggregation is no longer efficient
–Virtualization and mobility of nodes
–Numeric aggregation is less efficient than set aggregation
•Complex and dynamic topologies require decentralized routing
–The topology would evolve to another state before the central controller could regenerate and update the tables
–The interest of a portion of the fabric could changes in favor or against that of another portion in real-time
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Some of possible region paths are shown in the Figure. A few examples of region paths from a node NS to a node NR.
THis Figure provides an illustrative region decomposition and a pair of sender/receiver nodes. An illustrative region decomposition with only one high- level region RM.
Region Decomposition [1]
A regional decomposition
Multi-region-paths and Multipaths
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In second Table, three possible examples of how to fill the Region Stack SF of a packet generated in region R S with various levels of details.
The resolved possible region patIn the proposed SmartPacket routing, the header of each packet would be composed of four SuperFields (SFs). Each SF would be itself composed of a list of items at predefined positions or arranged in the form of a stack. Namely, we consider the following SuperFields: i) Region Stack SF, ii) IDs SF, iii) QoS Smart SF, and iv) Region Backward Stack (RBS) SF (see first Table).
The SmartPacket Header SuperFields with Examples [1]
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The resolved possible region paths generated by the intermediate region RC are shown in two Tables with a low or high level of peering-related effort provided by the region R C for the three cases of the presented in Table II. This clearly shows the flexibility of the proposed approach in allowing different levels of participation by the regions.
The Resolved Possible Next-Region at Region C [1]
Minimal Effort
Maximal Effort
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Other Applications [1]
•Net Neutrality:
–Challenges:
•Discrimination is inevitable, required
•Minimal indiscriminate access
–Smart QoS SF:
•Fee-for-quality agreements and micro-transactions at packet level
–Providing some level of immunity to already-paid-for-access receivers
•Proactive DDoS Responding:
–Baseline: Traffic Regulator Hub (TRH) [3]
–Region Backward Stack (RBS) SuperField:
•Blocking (Blackholing) rouge regions ‘ packets
•Signal Back Propagation
•Historical score (reputation) for regions
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Similar Approaches
•Global Transport SDN Prototype Demonstration (OIF/ONF White Paper):
–https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/technical-reports/oif-p0105_031_18.pdf
–‘Domain’-level OpenFlow controllers under the umbrella of a ‘parent’ OpenFlow controller
•BGP, PCE, RBPC [IETF RFC5441 (Oct 2014)]:
–Based on ‘domains’: A domain is a collection of network elements within a common sphere of address management or path computational responsibility. Examples: an IGP area or an Autonomous System [RFC4655].
•Highly adapted to the Internet architecture
•The implicit requirement of autonomy
•More suitable for circuit switching
•In contrast, SmartPacket is based on region decomposition, and does not require neither ‘autonomy’ nor ‘full dedication’:
–Both: Large-scale networks and Small-scale networks
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Part 3: Profiling without ‘Profiling’ – Use Case of a Federated Approach to Resource Management in Smart House [8] Partie 3 : Profilage sans « profilage » - Cas d'utilisation d'une approche fédérés à la gestion des ressources en Smart House [8]
December 15th, 2014

Summary of Part 3 (Profiling without ‘Profiling’)
1.Regulating an ecosystems of things would be a big challenge
2.Proposed federated approach to regulation:
1.Containing explosion in the number of things by localization
3.Paradox: Machine learning vs Fairness:
1.To survive smart regulators, things would deceive:
1.Less transparency: False smartness
4.Proposed collision/chemistry-based approach to proactive intervention in highly-smart regulators’ action [8]:
1.Modeling collision mechanisms
2.Modeling trust evolution
3.Designing active statistical processes to prevent unfairness
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Current Issues [8]
•Multi-Enterprise (Multi-Tenant), Smart House, M2M, IoT (IoX) trends:
–Things (res):
•Explicit ICT devices, Embedded ICT, non-ICT
–An ecosystem, not a system:
• Opportunism against Transparency
•Exponential growth in the number of res
•Requires more autonomy to individual res:
–Variable, unsecured levels of res’ intelligence
–Unpredictable, uncontainable consequences
•Regulator are inevitable, but if legitimate:
–Our Approach:
•Federated Regulation
•Profiling without ‘profiling:’ Fair Pardon in return of Transparency
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Federal SmartHouse Regulator Cap: Reduce Grid Liability from 100A to 50A Local: Minimal egress telemetry overhead Full: Wild (racist) machine learning Advantage of federal regulators: Minimal egress data flow outside the house which means less privacy risk Residential Energy: Generators and Storage Embedded ICT Explicit ICT External Energy: Grid, Community
Federated Approach to Smart House [8]
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Traditional Approaches vs Our Approach to ‘nonracial’ Profiling
•Traditional Approaches
–Passive Machine Learning:
•Blindfolding (Closed databases), noisification, etc.
–Punitive Disciplinary Policies
•Our Approach [8]
–Real-time Proactive Intervention along with Unrestricted (Machine) Learning:
•Requires to be instant: Connected Society
–Persistent Reputation Models of Regulators
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Trust Network
Collision Network
Multi-Layer Collision/Trust Graph [8]
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Other Applications
•Multi-Enterprise/Multi-Tenant resource Sharing
•‘Fair’ Stop-and-Frisk: Nonracial profiling
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Part 4: MEIO - A Multi-Entity Input Output (MEIO) Approach to Sustainability - Water-Energy-GHG (WEG) Footprint Statements [4] Un avenir durable : ESME - Une entrée-sortie multi-entité (ESME) approche de la durabilité - l'eau-énergie-GES (EEG) déclarations de l'empreinte [4]
Reza FARRAHI MOGHADDAM1,2
December 15th, 2014

Summary of Part 4 (MEIO)
1.Behavioral changes could be initiated by providing all actors with their footprint statement
2.An ecosystem of: end users, service providers, and utilities
3.The Everybody-in-the-Loop (EitL) framework [4]: Promoting a sustainable future using behaviors and actions that are aware of their ubiquitous eco-socio-environment impacts
4.The Multi-Entity Input-Output (MEIO) model [4]: Estimating the responsibility of entities and actors of an ecosystem on the footprint and actions of each other
5.Naive MEIO model: A graph of actions and responsibility - interactions and goods transfers among the entities and actors along four channels (Raw, Goods, Service, and Money):
1.The unnormalized responsibility and also the final responsibility among the actors
2.Re-allocating immediate footprint of actors to those who are implicitly responsible
3.The footprint in the current model: Water usage, Energy consumption, and GHG emissions
6.Generalization to Provider-perspective (P-perspective) and End User-perspective (E- perspective) MEIO models:
1.More suitable to cases where a large number of end users are served by a provider. The E-perspective modeling approach particularly allows estimating the footprint associated to a specific end user
7.Use case from the Telco industries
1.Avoiding footprint leakage to the end users
2.Handling the large numbers end users
3.Implicitly providing some features of the Scope-3 and LCA approaches.
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In a step forward, we introduce a new sustainability model, called Sustainability Pentagon, that comprises of the three traditional categories of actors: Society, Economy, Nature (Environment), and two new categories of Enterprise(s) and Individual(s). The proposed sustainability model would enable us to stimulate actions, in addition to traditional impact analysis.
This is achieved by encompassing all players and actors in order to understand them and then to involve them in the sustainability 'game.' The actors are classified in five categories based on their interest and also their type of actions. The two newly-added categories cover individual(s) and enterprise(s). Although these actors are practically residing within the society category, their actions and especially their interest could drastically diverge from those of the society(ies), and therefore separated categories are considered. To be more precise, at the actions level, the individual category represents the actions of every individual, while the enterprise category represents collective actions of groups of individuals, and finally the society category represents collective actions of all individuals bounded to a specific region or characteristic. A similar way of definition is also used for the interests of each category. This Sustainability Pentagon is a framework to represent interplays among actors from each of these five categories in the form of actions and interactions, which also includes impacts. The actors dynamically take various roles of subject, object, and partner in this model depending on the nature of actions and interactions involved among them.
This new model seems highly necessary because otherwise modeling and understanding of 'induced' actions and interactions at scales comparable to those the baseline volume of actions involved in a system or an ecosystem would be inaccurate if not wrong when the traditional models are used. For example, When “green” changes and actions were small scale, nature- friendliness was a sufficient approximation because the rest of the system (i.e., the world) could be considered as a reservoir unaffected by such actions, and therefore a micro-canonical analysis was satisfactory. However, in recent years, with scaling up of the green actions, especially in the domain of energy sources and electricity generation, the aforementioned assumption is no longer valid, and therefore we need to consider a more complex sustainability model that also includes the society, economy, enterprises and individuals.
Also, it is worth noting that, in contrast with earlier models, the 5 categories considered here are multivalent. Although this is trivial for the case of individual(s) and enterprise(s), it should be explicitly considered and respected for the other categories especially society(ies) because of the global interactions involved, and also because of fundamental, dynamic differences among societies implicated. Even, the nature and economy categories could be split across the regions. For example, although the atmosphere is usually considered shared among all regions, and therefore it is assumed as the single object of all GHG emissions, it would be split into many objects under the nature category when spatially-contained impacts, such as smog and air pollution, are concerned.
The Sustainability Pentagon has been mentioned in this paper:
Title: Challenges and complexities in application of LCA approaches in the case of ICT for a sustainable future (ICT4S'14)
Link to the full text: http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/paper-details.php?id=13437
Link to the full text: http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2798
Thank you!
Questions
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Further Readings
1.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam and Mohamed Cheriet. SmartPacket: Re-Distributing the Routing Intelligence among Network Components in SDNs . 2014. [arXiv preprint arXiv: 1412.0501, December 2014].
2.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Fereydoun Farrahi Moghaddam, and Mohamed Cheriet. A Graph-based Perspective to Total Carbon Footprint Assessment of Non-marginal Technology-driven Projects - Use case of OTT/IPTV. 2014. [arXiv preprint arXiv: 1409.0876, September 2014].
3.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam and Mohamed Cheriet. A note on quality of experience (QoE) beyond quality of service (QoS) as the baseline. 2014. [arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.5527, July 2014].
4.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Fereydoun Farrahi Moghaddam, and Mohamed Cheriet. A multi-entity input output (MEIO) approach to sustainability-water-energy-ghg (WEG) footprint statements in use cases from Auto and Telco industries. 2014. [arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.6227, April 2014].
5.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Fereydoun Farrahi Moghaddam, and Mohamed Cheriet. Progress in Economics Research, volume 29 (Taxes and the Economy: Government Policies, Macroeconomic Factors and Impacts on Consumption and the Environment), chapter IIGHGINT: A generalization to the modified GHG intensity universal indicator toward a production/consumption insensitive border carbon tax, pages 131–147. NOVA Science Publishers, 2014. [ArXiv preprint: arXiv:1401.0301, January 2014].
6.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Fereydoun Farrahi Moghaddam, Thomas Dandres, Yves Lemieux, Réjean Samson, and Mohamed Cheriet. Challenges and complexities in application of LCA approaches in the case of ICT for a sustainable future. In ICT4S’14, pages 155–164, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, August 24-27 2014. [ArXiv preprint: arXiv:1403.2798, March 2014].
7.Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Fereydoun Farrahi Moghaddam, and Mohamed Cheriet. A modified GHG intensity indicator: Toward a sustainable global economy based on a carbon border tax and emissions trading. Energy Policy, 57:363–380, June 2013. [ArXiv preprint: arXiv:1110.1567, October 2011].
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Similar Visions
•World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior, The World Bank, The World Bank, 2014
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Biography
Reza FARRAHI MOGHADDAM received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering and his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the Kerman University, Iran, in 1995 and 2003, respectively. He has been a Postdoctoral Research Fellow and a Research Associate with the Synchromedia Laboratory for Multimedia Communication in Telepresence, École de technologie supérieure (University of Quebec) in Montreal (QC), Canada since 2007 and 2012, respectively. Dr. Farrahi has published more than 50 technical papers. His research interests include sustainability, behavior analysis, green ICT, green economy, perception, and optimization. He is a member of the IEEE.
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Synchromedia Lab
Synchromedia was founded in 1988 as a part of the Department of Automation Engineering at the École de technologie supérieure of University of Quebec, with founding members from 4 University of Quebec institutions. Effective Mars 2005, the group has been awarded a $4 million CFI grant to build a Pan-Canadian Consortium. The group works on a wide diversity of pertinent research areas. Synchromedia core theme consists in an intelligent and seamless integration of various perceptual modes of information that allows collaborative management and sharing of information, actions and behaviors beyond the mere multimedia teleconferencing and communication.
Synchromedia Director Prof Mohamed CHERIET received the B.Sc. CE (Bab Ezzouar University, Algiers), DEA and Doctorate of University of Paris 6 (Paris 6, France). As a scientist and educator, Prof Cheriet has taken an active role in publishing technical papers and authoring books. He has published more than 70 international journal papers and 135 international conference papers, and has delivered 17 invited talks. In addition, he has authored and published 6 books. Prof Cheriet is also recognized for his activities in technical journal editorial writing, organizing and taking part in many conferences. He has contributed to the training of more than 65 high qualified personnel. He has also served as chair of the IEEE’s Montreal CIS Chapter.
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