Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2006-2010

STANDING OFFICE OF NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAM
FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RESULTS OF RWSS NTP 2006-2010
KEY CONTENTS OF RWSS NTP 2011-2015

Hanoi, 25th February 2011


I. CONTEXT
•  The RWSS NTP is a social and deeply humanistic program;
•  It is a tool to realize the National Strategy on RWSS to the year 2020;
•  Program’s objectives are also GoV’s committments with international community;
•  Rural water supply and sanitation is one of key criteria of the National Target
Program on the New Rural Development.
Specific objectives of the NTP 2006-2010:
•  85% of rural population have access to hygienic water (of which 50% meets
MOH’s Standard No.09-BYT);
•  70% of rural households have hygienic latrines;


•  70% of rural husbandry households have hygienic livestock pens;
•  All kindergartens, schools, clinics and CPC offices have RWSS
facilities;
•  Mitigate environmental pollution in trade villages, particularly food
processing ones at commune and village levels.
II. RESULTS
II.1 . Objective on hygienic water supply basically met:
•  Total number of 52,122,468 people served with hygienic water
(increase of 13,260,000 people in compared with that of 2005);
•  Hygienic water coverage increases from 62% to 83%, average of
4.2% per/year (similar growth rate of 1999-2005 period);


•  Eastern area of the South: coverage rate of 89% which is 6% higher than the
national average;
•  Lowest rates include Northern mountainous area (78%) and central Highlands
(74%);
•  10/63 provinces with high coverage rates (> 90%);
•  20/63 provinces with coverage rates of 83% - 90%;
•  20/63 provinces with average rate of 75% - 83%;
•  13/63 provinces with low coverage rates of below 75%.
However, coverage rate which meets MOH’s Standard No. 02/BYT, is 42% - 8%
lower than the target.


2. School’s WSS objectives met by several provinces:
•  Some 32.155 schools have WSS facilities (increase of 4,002 schools, average rise
of 2%/year);
•  84% of schools have WSS facilities;
•  7,976 clinics have WSS facilities (increase of 24%/year compared with that of
2005, annual rise of 4.8%);
•  1,537 markets have WSS facilities (increase from 17%-48%);
•  7,004/9,728 CPC offices have WSS facilities (coverage of 72%);
•  100% of schools and clinics with WSS facilities are seen in provinces i.e. An
Giang, Ca Mau, Vinh Long, Long An…


3. Objective on household latrine, even though improved attention and progress in
compared with Phase I, was not fulfilled:
Some 11,586,185 households (77%) already have latrines, (annual average rise of
2.0%, 1% higher than that of 1999-2005 period), which increases coverage rate of
hygienic latrines up to 60% in 2010. Yet, it is 10% lower than the scheduled target.
4. Objectives on rural environmental sanitation even improved, not yet fully
achieved:
In 2010, about 2,700,000 households have hygienic livestock pens, which accounts
for 45% of over 6,000,000 husbandry households;
Wastes collected and treated in some 18,000 farms.
Pens with Biogas facilities: 1,000,000 (17%).


5. Overall assessment on the objectives:
Following reports from 49 provinces, results on the objectives are not as
reported earlier:
  Hygienic water supply rate: 76.2% (83% reported);

  Clean water supply rate: 36.8% (42% reported);

  Hygienic household latrine rate: 51% (60% reported);

Currently, MARD is instructing to make assessment of Program’s results in
accordance with 14 indicators and final results would be officially
introduced in May 2011.

II. 2 Mobilization of resources:
•  Total mobilized budget of VND 20,700/22,600 bil. (91.6 % of planned budget), 3
times higher than the period of 1999-2005. Specifically:
•  State budget is estimated at VND 2,464 billion (> 12%);
•  If resources from other programs/projects are taken in account, this financial
source covers 24%;
•  External budget is estimated at VND 3,566 bil. (104.9% of planned budget,
17.2% ; 1.4 times higher than State budget);
•  Soft credit of VND 8,877 bil. (158.5 % of planned budget, 43%);
•  Users’ contribution of VND 3,016 bil. (37.2 % of planned budget, but covers up
to 14,6%) ;
•  If soft credit and users’ contribution sources are added up, then users’ sources go
up to 58%.


II. 3 Program’s direction and management:
1. Re: Direction and management arrangements.
•  Significantly improved, better coordination, specific designation
of tasks, regular meetings, online meeting with provinces aiming
at provision of direction, instruction and managment;
•  A number of guidelines, offical letters issued by related
Ministries, agencies, mass orgnizations to strengthen and follow
up implementation of line units;
•  Meeting between MARD and MOH’s Ministers to promote
sanitation component as well as coordination and cooperation on
the NTP II’s management;
•  Regular working missions of NTP II’s responsible agencies;


•  Guidelines/instructions issued to reinforce provincial
steering committees, with clear responsibilities and
adequate involvement of relevent units;
•  Responsible staff sources and collaborators strengthened at
all local levels;
•  At provincial level: PPC’s due attention was made on the
NTP II’s operational management;
•  WSS defined as a social-economic indicator of many
provinces, however, proper direction/instruction was not
equally made in all provinces.


2. Re: development and enforcement of legal documents
A number of legal documents adjusted, newly issued to enable
the implementation process:
•  Group of instructional documents: Circular No. 93/2007/
TTLT/BNN-BYT-BGD&ĐT “on the coordination amongst 3
key sector i.e. Agriculture, Health and Education &
Training” ...
•  Group of legal documents on organizational arrangements,
operational mechanism: circulars on the financial, technical
management... (Decision No.131/2009/QĐ-TTg - one of
break through steps).
•  Group of documents on the technical instructions, standards,
norms .... .


3. Re: O&M and management of WSS facilities:
•  Improved O&M in compared with the last phase.
•  Effective management models: pCERWASS in Binh Thuan, Tra Vinh, Soc
Trang, Bac Lieu, Ninh Thuan, Vinh Long, Tuyen Quang; private enterprise i.e.
Tien Giang, Dong Thap, Kien Giang, Nam Dinh; community management model
i.e. Son La, Lao Cai…
•  Some provinces, particularly mountainous ones, should be strengthened on the
O&M to ensure sustainability.


4. Re: science and technology:
•  Technological options diversified to fit with each region/area; principle of
sustainability;
•  For water supply: different treatment options adopted i.e. chemical or bio-
treatment ...;
•  For extremely difficult areas i.e. 4 rocky mountainous districts of Ha Giang
province, Luc Khu of Cao Bang provinces: suspended reservoir, geo-technical
cloth reservoir ...;
•  For scattered households: individual water supply options i.e. dug-well, drilled
well, rain tank, jar … recommended for use.


•  For rural sanitation:
+ Different types of hygienic latrines: septic tank, pour-
flash latrne, ventilated pit latrine, double-vault dry latrine,
eco-latrine; flood resistant latrine for inundated areas in
Mekong delta...;
+ Biogas technology widely adopted in the treatment of
animal wastes;
This option has brought about economic efficiency and
environmental protection, even in some mountainous
provinces.


5. Re: IEC activities:
•  IEC activities carried out by relevant Ministries, agencies,
mass organizations, private sector, national and iNGOs.
•  Many IEC promotional materials developed.
Communication methods include:
+ Direct communication at village level: target group
mainly includes village IEC workers;
+ Mass communication: mass media focused and used at
national and provincial levels;
+ Social marketing: promote demand and use of hygienic
latrines and hygienic practices.


6. Re: M&E:
•  A comprehensive M&E sytem is well under way.
•  The M&E system provides more accurate data on coverage
rates of both water and sanitation;
•  Results show that the coverage rates seem to be lower than
earlier reported, particularly on sanitation;
•  M&E system launched in all provinces (49/63 cities/provinces
introduced WSS results following the M&E set of indicators);
•  Annual audits carried out to assess the NTP II’s compliance,
efficiency and effectiveness.
•  Unauthorized expenditrues, which is less than 1% of total
expenditure, reduce year by year and donors’ requirement is
satifactorily met.


7. Re: human resource development:
•  Training classes on human resources development on
management, planning and finanincing skills etc made;
•  O&M workers in many provinces trained on the operation
and management of water supply schemes;
•  However, it is still limited on human resources development
at commune and village levels.
8. Re: reporting:
•  Guidance provided on the reporting formats and
requireemnts which help to imrpove assessment and timely
management/instruction.


9. Re: international cooperation:
•  International cooperation promoted;
•  Funding modalities diversified, including project-based
approach e.g. WB, ADB, JICA ect., output-based aid i.e.
East Meets West Foundation;
•  Since 2007, budget support approach adopted (DANIDA,
AusAID, the Netherlands, and DFID in 2010);
•  In the period of 2006 - 2010, MARD in cooperation with
donors established the RWSS Partnership with 22
international members, which helps improve coordination
and investments of international community for the sector.


III. EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS-LEARNT
1. It is necessary to have due and active involvement of
relevant authorities, as well as mass organizations and local
people’s support.
Provincial steering committees should follow operational
regulations, and it is important to have capable standing
units with close cooperation of 3 key sectors. Provinces
should issue specific rules to fit their conditions.
2. The development of plans should be bottom-up and demand
driven.
IEC activities should be promoted to raise awareness,
understanding and practices of beneficiaries.


3. Master-plan is an important tool to steer the Program’s
management.
Master planning should go ahead with 15-20 year vision
and it should be reviewed, updated; the compliance of
overall planning must be followed to ensure efficiency and
sustainability.
4. IEC activities: IEC collaborators/workers play key role in
raising the awareness and behavior of local communities.
It is necessary to have appropriate environment to attract
active engagement of collaborators, mass organizations,
village’s heads etc.


5. O&M modalities should be thoroughly selected; service-
driven approach and socialization should be promoted ;
6. The monitoring and evaluation activities should be
considered as regular ones and availability of funds to
support.
7. It is notably important that capacity is needed for
decentralized investments.
Improved monitoring and inspection should be made to
timely address constraints of decentralization.


IV. CONSTRAINTS TO BE ADDRESSED
1.  Program’s direction and management arrangements:
•  Improper attention of provincial level on the Program’s
direction and management;
•  Inactive and loose coordination and instruction of relevant
provincial Departments, agencies, particularly 3 key sectors;
•  Unclear definition of State management functions in some
provinces/districts;
•  Limited involvement of health workers of local levels,
particularly village level;
•  Protracted issuance of guiding circular on socialization,
particularly on O&M of piped water schemes and public
toilets.


2. Development and enforcement of legal documents:
•  The Program has complexity in technical, socio-economic
traits, which is strongly influenced by regional conditions;
•  Some legal documents have broad stipulations, but the
actual adoption is not innovative enough or tailor-made.
3. Planning, construction and management of WSS
facilities:
•  The planning practices are not timely or updated on regular
basis; limited quality of long-term plans;
•  There exists reliance on subsidy and limited mainstreaming
on the formulation and aggregation of plans and their
actual implementation process.


4. Objective of ”01 latrine/household ” is limited:
•  Limited awareness and behavior of rural people;
•  Some 23% of households have no latrine, about 1/3 of
households have hygienic latrines which are not properly
used and maintained;
•  Late issuance of low-cost latrine options.
5. The efficency and management of school’s toilet is not
good enough.
Some toilets built but not used, other broken but no funds
for repairs.


6. Increased risk of environmental pollution:
•  There still exist use of untreated human and animal wastes
for cultivation purposes;
•  Disease germs spread in some rural areas which might end
up with serious pandemic outbreak.
7. Operation, management and use of water supply
schemes:
•  Some of management models are not sustained or
professional e.g. CPC, community, cooperative group;
•  Operational method is mainly supply-driven, rather than
service or market oriented.
•  Capacity of O&M workers is somewhat weak.
-


8. Science and technology:
•  Studies and adoption of advanced technologies for water
supply in water-scarcity areas, water treatment for islands etc.
are slowly done;
•  Household-scale water supply and low-cost latrines options
for remote and difficult areas are not widely adopted.

9. Mobilization of funds:
•  Inadequacy of central budget, limited allocation of provincial
budget for the Program;
•  Investment capital always tends to be much higher than
recurrent capital; more on water, less on sanitation;
•  Interest rate from soft credit are now too high (0.9%/month);
loan size is sometimes too low.


10. IEC activities:
•  In some provinces, provincial IEC plans on RWSS are not
properly matched with the national IEC plan.
•  IEC messages/activities are not regularly broadcasted/
introducted, mainly on the National Week on RWSS; and
they are not systematically conducted for remaining period
of the year.
•  Limited coverage of IEC activities. Except for IEC
programs on mass media, almost IEC activities are done at
communes or villages where the construction of RWSS
facilities exists.


V. KEY CONTENTS OF THE RWSS NTP 2011-2015
1.  Objective:
a)  Water supply: 95% of rural population have access to hygienic
water (60% meets MOH’s Standard No.02-BYT, at least 60 l/
capita/day).
b)  Environmental sanitation:
•  75% of rural households have hygienic latrines;
•  65% of rural husbandry households have hygienic livestock
pens (30% of pens have biogas facilities).
•  All pre-schools and schools, clinics, markets, CPC offices have
WSS facilities which are properly used and maintained;
•  60% of communes have domestic wastes collected;
•  Continue to mitigate environmental pollution resulted by
domestic wastes, wastewater and trade villages.

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VĂN PHÒNG THƯỜNG TRỰC

c) Awareness and behavior on hygiene and sanitation:
•  At least 80% of rural population, particularly poor
households, have access to information on the promotion of
household sanitation, including RWSS facilities.
•  100% of students at pre-schools and schools involve in
school’s activities on promotion of safe sanitation.
2. Principles for NTP 3’s implementation:
•  The Program aims at sustained development which fit with
natural, socio-economic conditions of each region to secure
long-term operation in the context of climate change.
•  Promote internal forces, demand-driven approach, based on
the enhancement of socialization plus reinforced effectiveness
of State management in the delivery of RWSS services.


3. Priorities for the period of 2011 - 2015:
•  Increased focus on poor areas, prioritized investments in 62
poor districts;
•  Increased focus on sanitation; promotion of household
sanitation objective;
•  Ensure environmental sustainability: increased treatment of
livestock wastes; prioritized adoption of biogas models
through IEC activities and credit sources;
•  Develop sustainable market; promote the enforcement of
the Decision No.131/2009/QD-TTg;
•  Enhance the effectiveness of O&M, management and
technical sustainability of construction schemes.


4. Program’s key projects:
The Program has 4 key projects:
Project 1. Rural water supply (4 sub-projects).
•  Sub-project 1: rural domestic water supply
•  Sub-project 2: domestic water supply for islands.
•  Sub-project 3: domestic water supply for extremely
difficult areas i.e. high mountainous areas, salinated areas
and dioxin contaminated areas etc.
•  Sub-project 4: Domestic and dringking waer quality
monitoring.


Project 2. Rural sanitation (4 sub-projects)
•  Sub-project 1: construction of household hygienic latrines;
•  Sub-project 2: construction of RWSS facilities for clinics;
•  Sub-project 3: construction of RWSS facilities for pre-schools
and schools;
•  Sub-project 4: construction of RWSS facilities for CPC
offices and markets
Project 3. Improvement of rural environment (3 sub-projects):
•  Sub-project 1: construction of hygienic livestock pens.
•  Sub-project 2: collection and treatment of rural domestic
garbage;
•  Sub-project 3: treatment of wastewater and wastes of trading
villages.


Project 4. Awareness-raising, capacity & institutional
building and development of rural WSS technologies (4
sub-projects):
•  Sub-project 1: IEC and awareness-raising of communities
•  Sub-project 2: Training and capacity building;
•  Sub-project 3: Reinforcement of RWSS institutional and
management system;
•  Sub-project 4: Development and adoption of RWSS
technologies.


VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. To the Government:
•  The Government is kindly requested to timely approve the
RWSS NTP 2011-2015;
•  For 2011 plans: it is suggested that the Government allows to
use current financial mechanism of NTP II.
2. To provinces:
a) The Program’s implementation should be considered as focal
and regular task of all relevant sectors and levels.
b) PPC should strengthen the provincial steering committees,
including adaquate involvement and clear definition of taks
amongst related agencies);


•  Strengthen responsible workforce and collaborators at all
local levels;
•  Mainstream resources of other programs/projects with
similar objectives;
•  Promote the instruction/direction of post-investment
practices.
c) Instruct localities to review, adjust RWSS master plans up
to the year 2015, orientations to the year 2020 in line with
socio-economic development objectives and Program’s
objectives approved by the GoV;


3. To involved Ministries, agencies and mass organizations:
a) Members of Program Steering Committe, particulalry those
from MARD, MOH, MOET, should proactively provide
instructions to line agencies on the Program’s
implementation;
Mainstream this Program with related sector programs/
projects;
Strengthen State management, issue national standards,
norms and guidelines to enable Program’s implementation
and management in effective manner;


b) MOF and MPI secure adequate required resources and new
financial management circular for the RWSS NTP
2011-2015 should be timely issued;
c) Promote socialization with spear-headed mechanism; firstly
it is required to issue a circular for the Decison No.
131/2009/QD-TTg. It will be a critical condition for
effective implementation of the RWSS NTP 2011-2015;
d) VBSP should expand mobilization of capital, and increase
RWSS loan size following the Decision No.62/2004/QD-
TTg.


VI. CONCLUSION
•  The RWSS NTP 2006-2010 has gained favorable results
which helps improve living conditions and health of rural
population, and contribute to the socio-economic
development.
•  Although some specific targets are not fully met by the end
of 2010, results from last two phases have significantly
contributed to:
+ Achivement of MDGs
+ National Strategy on RWSS;
+ Implementation of NTP on the New Rural Development.


VI. CONCLUSION
These achivements made with:
•  Proper attention, instruction of the Government, due efforts
of related Ministries, agences;
•  Strong support of international community, and efforts of
provinces and rural people.
With achieved results, lessons-learnt and constraints as well as
new momentum from the success of XI National Party
Congress, it is deeply believed that we all would determine to
carry out the RWSS NTP 2011-2015.


THANK YOU

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2006-2010

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