Slides used by James Nottingham and Stefan Lindstrom on Tuesday 21st June at the International Conference on Thinking (ICOT) in Belfast

1. Entrepreneurial Spiritwhere education meets business James Nottingham Stefan Lindström

2. The Nature vs. Nurture argument Francis Galton was the first to raise the argument when he published an article discussing the the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement. Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin

3. Genetics plays a role, but how much of one?

4. There are varying degrees of heritability High Eye colour and blood type Medium Weight Low Specific language

5. How hereditary is intelligence? Alfred Binet 1857 - 1911

6. The origins of the IQ test In 1904, Alfred Binet was asked by the French government to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education. Binet created a scale of 30 tasks for 6 – 14 year olds, ranging from easy to complex ones. He was forthright about the limitations of his scale, stressing that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and was heavily influenced by nurture. Binet clearly stated that the IQ scale reflected intelligence that is malleable rather than fixed.

7. The misuse of IQ In 1908, H.H. Goddard, translated Binet’s scale into English. However, as a champion of the eugenics movement, he changed the focus of the scale to suit his own beliefs. Lewis Terman then took the scale, standardized it using a large US sample, and from that created the first Stanford-Binet scale – the basis for the modern IQ test. With it was published the following objective: "curtailing the reproduction of feeble-mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency” (Terman, Lyman, et al, 1916)

8. What matters is what you believe about intelligence People who believe intelligence comes mainly from nature have a ‘fixed’ mindset People who believe intelligence comes mainly from nurture have a ‘growth’ mindset Professor Carol Dweck, Stanford

9. Fixed vs Growth Mindsets Growth Intelligence is incremental I’ve developed talents My abilities change over time for better or worse I can learn pretty much anything I put my mind to Fixed Intelligence is innate I have gifts I’ll always be good at certain things I’ll never be good at other things

10. What difference does mindset make?

11. The French don’t know the meaning of the word ‘entrepreneur’

13. Evelyn Glennie – Growth Mindset ?

14. Sting – Fixed Mindset ?

15. Entrepreneurial minds – born or created?

16. Number of children per family, Sweden 2004 One child families 19% Two children 47% Three children 24% Four children 7% Five children 2% Six or more 1%

17. Entrepreneurial archetypes Starter (drive, impulsive, intuitive) Professional (all-rounder, analytical, long-term) Serial entrepreneur (intuitive, extrovert, timing) Innovator (feeling & thinking, details) Lifestyle (independent, sentimental) Workstyle (party with themselves)

18. Are schools built on fixed or growth mindsets?

19. Rewards and assessments 10/10

20. Spelling tests that focus on learning Thinking Wondering Decision Understanding Reflection Knowledge Argument Opinion Conclusion Justification Pre-test; Marks Out of 10 7, 8, 9 or 10 New Set of Spellings 4, 5, or 6 Correct Set 0, 1, 2 or 3 Additional coaching 169

21. My name is Stuart and I sit in the … Special Needs Cupboard