17. LIQUID AIR IS SEPARATED BY FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION METHOD
THE GASES ARE SEPARATED ACCORDING TO
THEIR BOILING POINTS
CO₂ AND H₂O ARE SEPARATED IN SOLID
FORM
He AND Ne IN LIQUID FORM
THEN THE OTHER GASES ARE SENT INTO THE
FRACTIONATING COLUMN
H₂ ,O₂ , Ar , Xe IN GASEOUS FORM
18.
19.
20. GASES THAT POLLUTES THE AIR ARE CALLED AS AIR
POLLUTANTS
22. IT IS A VERY POISONOUS GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OR
LACK OF OXYGEN
IT REACTS WITH HEAMOGLOBIN AND STOPS CARRYING
OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD
24. IT IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS
IT IS PRODUCED BY
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
IT CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
25. IT IS ALSO A GREEN HOUSE GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO ROTTING WASTE
IT ALSO CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
NATURAL GAS CONTAINS
MORE % OF METHANE
26. IT IS A CHOKING SMELL POISONOUS GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION
AND ALSO BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
IT CAUSES ACID RAIN
27. IT IS ALSOMA POISONOUS GAS
AT HIGH TEMP. ATM. O₂ REACTS WITH N₂ TO
PRODUCE OXIDES OF NITROGEN
EXHAUST FUMES FROM VEHICLES
POWER STATIONS
LIGHTNING
28. ITS SYMBOLIS O₃
IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE IT PROTECT US
FROM HARMFUL U.V RAYS
U.V.RAYS CAUSES SUN BURN,SKIN CANCER,ETC
31. IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE OZONE IT
PRODUCES PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG WITH OXIDES
OF N₂
IT CAUSES IRRITATION OF EYES , NOSE,
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES , ETC
39. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
IT KILLS THE MARINE ORGANISMS
IT DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE BUILDING
IT CORRODES THE METALS
IT DESTROYS THE STONE WORKS
IT DAMAGES THE CROPS
42. THE DISCOVERY
In 1985, using satellites, balloons, and surface
stations, a team of researchers had discovered a
balding patch of ozone in the upper stratosphere,
the size of the United States, over Antarctica.
Team who discovered the hole 1985.
From left: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin
British Atlantic Survey Research station, Holly Bay, Antarctic coast
43. •Ozone is a triatomic form of
oxygen (O3) found in Earth’s upper
and lower atmosphere.
•The ozone layer, situated in the
stratosphere about 15 to 30 km
above the earth's surface.
•Ozone protects living organisms by
absorbing harmful ultraviolet
radiation (UVB) from the sun.
•The ozone layer is being destroyed
by CFCs and other substances.
• Ozone depletion progressing
globally except in the tropical zone.
The ozone layer
www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/ eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html
44. TOO MUCH ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT CAN RESULT IN:
Skin cancer
Eye damage such as cataracts
Immune system damage
Reduction in phytoplankton
Damage to the DNA in various life-forms
this has been as observed in Antarctic ice-fish that lack
pigments to shield them from the ultra-violet light (they've
never needed them before)
Possibly other things too that we don't know about at
the moment
50. WHAT ARE SOME REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF COMBUSTION
REACTIONS?
When people are or
a candle.
Or burn wood to
make a fire.
51. HOW ARE COMBUSTION REACTIONS USED IN OUR
DAILY LIVES?
People use fire
everyday to
People burning
paper.
Burning trash
52. 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS!!!
Complete
Clean combustion with
a hydrocarbon produces
carbon dioxide and
water
Incomplete
Dirty combustion with a
hydrocarbon produces
carbon or carbon
monoxide also carbon
dioxide.
53. • Carbon is the key element of life, thus its
cycle is the most fundamental biogeochemical
cycle
• CO2 is the most important greenhouse
gases (or called trace gases)
Why Study the Carbon Cycle?
54. • Carbon has two stable isotopes: 12C (98.9%),
13C (1.1%); one unstable isotope: 14C
• Carbon Cycle is the process by which carbon is
exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.
What Is the Carbon Cycle?
55. Diagram of the Carbon Cycle
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle4.html
57. WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
58. INTRODUCTION
The water is a chemical substance with the
formula H2O.
The water is very important for life,
because it is vital. The animals or humans
drink water because the body needs 75%
water to do exercise for example: walk.
Water covers 70% of the Earth. Like two
thirds parts of the earth.
59. WATER RESOURCES
Water, liquid and solid, covers more than 70%
of world’s surface.
More than 370 billion billion gallons.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
61. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
Sources of water
Surface fresh water:
3% of liquid water,
which is 13% of fresh water,
which is 2.4% of water
62. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER
Human uses the water in:
- Agriculture: The most important for the agriculture is for
irrigation.
- For drinking: Because the body need 75% of water to do
exercise.
- Washing: Washing is also an important component of
several aspects of personal body hygiene.
- Fire extinction: One of the important use of the water is
the fire extinction.
- Recreation: For example swimming, waterskiing, boating,
surfing and diving.
- Industrial applications: Water is used in power
generation.
64. GROUNDWATER
Second largest reservoir of fresh water.
Infiltration - Process of water percolating through the soil
and into fractures and permeable rocks.
Zone of Saturation - Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled
with water.
Water Table - Top of Zone of Sat.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
65. INDUSTRIAL USE
For processing, washing, and cooling
Most water is returned to the system, however
we need to concerned about the quality:
industrial pollution and heat pollution
66. THERMOELECTRIC POWER
Water used in the generation of electricty from
fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal sources
About 98% of the water is returned to system,
but it is hotter than it should be
67. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER FOR
THE ANIMALS
In the animal life the water is essential
to life.
The animals uses are:
- Temperature regulation: The
temperature of the animals should be
between a specific range.
- Digestion: Water also serves for
the lining to the acid in the stomach.
69. WATER ON THE EARTH
· Water cycle: Water cycle consist in this three process:
Evaporation: from oceans and other water bodies into the air
and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
Precipitation: from water vapor condensing from the air and
falling to earth or ocean.
Runoff: from the land usually reaching the sea.
74. Pollutant Harmful effects
Acid
marine life cannot survive in low PH water, low pH
water results in poor growth of vegetation
Nitrates and
phosphates
causes eutrophication,
Sewage
health problem
Oil
kill marine life as the oxygen passes into water is
sealed off
Heavy metal ions poisonous to mankind
76. Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies,
such as lakes, estuaries,
or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients
that stimulate excessive plant growth
(algae, periphyton attached algae, and nuisance
plants weeds).
This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal
bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water
when dead plant material decomposes and can
cause other organisms to die.
84. Algal blooms during the Summer months. Note that dissolved oxygen levels are at
their lowest at night when plants respire rather than photosynthesis.
85. Development of anoxic conditions and release of noxious gases such as
hydrogen sulphide, thioalcohols and ammonia.
Eutrophication process, the movie summary
86. Effects on water quality, treatment costs,
compliance and recreational activities
87. • Bad taste and odor : some of the algal species that "bloom" produce
toxins (geosmin, MIB), water taste and odor deteriorates.
• Oxygen depletion: penetration of light into the water is diminished.
This occurs because the algae forms mats as a result of being
produced faster than they are consumed. Diminished light
penetration decreases the productivity of plants living in the deeper
waters and hence their production of oxygen.
• DBP precursors : As the water becomes depleted in oxygen, the
abundant algae and fish die and decompose, further oxygen is
consumed by this process.
• Under anoxic conditions iron, manganese, ammonia and
phosphorous are released into the water column, anaerobic bacteria
flourish, producing hydrogen sulfide.
Effects on water quality
88. Effects on treatment costs and compliance
• Bad taste, odor, and high organics increase operational
costs
• Compliance with local and federal regulations becomes
more difficult to achieve
89. • Recreation : Lowered oxygen results in the death
of fish that need high levels of dissolved
oxygen "DO"), such as trout, salmon and other
desirable sport fish. The community
composition of the water body changes, with fish
that can tolerate low DO, such as carp
predominating.
• Changes in fish communities have ramifications
for the rest of the aquatic ecosystem like the
explosion of mosquitoes.
Effects on recreational activities