04 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

*for educational purposes only*

FROM 5000 B. C. – 1st CENTURY A. D.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
Egypt known as “ The Land of Pharaoh “, & “desert
Land “. The “ Nile River” is their means of
communication , highway , & lifeline . Egypt’s greatest
wealth was its fertile “soil”.

•GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
•STONE – abundant building material except
on temples & pyramids
•Soft stone – limestone , sandstone , alabaster .
•Hard stone – granite , quartzite , basalt ,
porphyry
•SAND DRIED BRICKS – made up of clay &
chopped stone for pyramids & temples.
•DATE PALM – for roofing’s & PALM LEAVES
– for roofing materials .
•ACACIA – for their boat
•SYCAMORE – mummy cases

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Structure have no downspout , drainage , gutters due
to absence of rain . No windows to cut heat penetration
and sandstorm.

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Pyramids were built bec. they believe in “ Life after
Death “ & for the preservation of the dead body.
Pharaoh is not only king but also “god” both political &
religious ruler, when he dies he becomes “osiris”, god
of dead. They’re “monotheistic” in theory & “
polytheistic” in practice.

DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS:
AMUN—RA : chief god
RAH : symbol of the sun , hope for eternal life , sun
god fr. Heliopolis
ATUM : world creator
OSIRIS : god of the dead
ISIS : wife of osiris
HORUS : sky god, son of osiris, also reincarnation of
“ Ra” himself
SET : dread god of evil, brother of pleasure
THOT : ibis headed god of wisdom
ANUBIS : jackal headed god of death
PTAH : god of craftsmen
SERAPIS : bull god

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
30 DYNASTIES – started from 3rd Millennium B.C.
to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Persian Empire for
2 Centuries, before the invasion of “ALEXANDER the
Great “.

ANCIENT KINGDOM ( 1ST – 10TH DYNASTY )
Development of two types of tombs
 Mastaba
 Pyramid
MIDDLE KINGDOM ( 11TH – 17TH DYNASTY )
Important Personalities
MENTUHETEP II
SENUSRETS
AMENEMHAT I

NEW EMPIRE ( 18TH – 30TH DYNASTY )
THOTMES 1
HATSHEPSUT
THOTMES 1V
AMENOPHIS III
RAMESES I
RAMESES II

THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
 PTOLEMY II
 PTOLEMY III
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
SIMPLICITY
MONUMENTALITY
SOLIDITY OR MASSIVENESS

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE
MONARCHY – form of government
 PHARAOH – King of Egypt, ruler , highest priest in Egypt
SON OF PHARAOH – normal successor to the throne
VIZIER – King’s most powerful official
 CHANCELOR- he controls the royal treasuries, granaries ,&
supervises the census
 CHIEF STEWARD- in charge of the King’s personal estate &
household.
SOCIAL RANKS:
1. NOBLE FAMILIES- royal throne with his family
2. SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS, CHIEF STEWARDS – next
to leaders
3. FISHERMEN, FARMERS, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS - ordinary
Egyptians
4. SLAVES- lowest form

SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION:
POST & LINTEL; COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED.
FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
BATTERWALL- inclination from base to top of the
façade.
HIEROGLYPHICS- use as ornaments, pictures &
writings from the walls

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/ancient-hieroglyphics-wall-kom-ombo-temple-egypt-34657493.jpg

EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURES
TOMBS ( 3 TYPES)
MASTABA- flat top or tapered solid temple
3 IMPORTANT PARTS
 OUTER CHAMBER- where offerings were placed
 SERDAB – inner chamber containing the statues of the
deceased member of the family
 SARCOPHAGUS – chamber containing the “ coffin” reached
by an under ground shaft.

PYRAMIDS – evolved from MASTABA ; w/ four
sides facing the Cardinal points , they were made by
100,000 men for 100 years.
STEP PYRAMID – evolved from Mastaba
BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID – 2 degrees of
inclination of slope
SLOPE PYRAMID – parts ( king’s chamber ,
Queen’s chamber , subterranean chamber, grand
gallery, airshafts.

STEP PYRAMID – evolved from Mastaba
http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/dsteppyramid2-5.jpg
http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/dsteppyramid2-6d.jpg*for educational purposes only*

BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID – 2 degrees of inclination
of slope
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FykQH-1UcLE/TjXR2NGqxnI/AAAAAAAAET8/4Oy1uZt02Wk/s1600/Bent%2BPyramid.jpg
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/topography/dashur/snofru/bent_pyramid_airview.jpg

SLOPE PYRAMID – parts ( king’s chamber , Queen’s
chamber , subterranean chamber, grand gallery, airshafts.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-SHb1-568MjM/TX1412wWBjI/AAAAAAAABKU/p1aj2DRBibE/s1600/Pyramid.jpg

PYRAMID OF THE CHEOPS OR KHUFU (146.4 mts. High &
( 750 sq. ft. ) in plan two times the area of the famous “ St.
Peter Basilica in Rome”.
http://www.guardians.net/articles/images/Plan_Great_Pyramid.jpg*for educational purposes only*

PYRAMID OF
CHEOPS or “Khafra”
( 143.0 mts. high ) &
(705 sq. ft. ) in plan.
http://guardians.net/egypt/pyramids/Khafre/images/Khafre7.gif

PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS or “Menkaura “
(109.0 mts. high) & (218ft. high)
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/topography/giza/mykerinos/map3d.gif

PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX:
 elevated causeway
 Offering chapel
 Mortuary
 Valley bldg.
ROCK CUT TOMB OR ROCK HEWN TOMB –
cut deep into the mountain rock

TEMPLES ( 2 TYPES)
Montuary – built in honor of the Pharaohs
Cult – built for the worship of the gods, only high
priest can enter in both types of temple.
PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE
Entrance Pylon – massive sloping towers fronted by an
obelisks known as gateways in Egypt .
Hypaethral Court – large outer court open to the sky
Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest
on column.
Sanctuary – usually surrounded by passages &
chambers used in connection w/ the temple service.
Avenue of Sphinx – where mystical monster were
placed.

EXAMPLE OF TEMPLES
1) Great Temple of Abu – Simbel – entrance forecourt leads to an imposing
façade formed by a pylon carved w/ 4 Colossal seated statues.( RAMESSES
1-1V)
2) Great Temple of Ammon, Khanak – most grandest temple in Egyptian
planning & was commenced by Amenemhat 1 ; occupying an area of 1,200
ft. x 360 ft
3) Temple of Ammon, Der – El – Bahari
4) Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
5) Temple of Elephantine
6) Temple of Hathor, Dendera
7) Temple of Horus, Edfu
8) Temple of Isis, Philae
9) Temple of Khons, kharnak, by Ramesses III
10) Temple of Luxor
11) Temple of Mamimisi
12) Temple of Mentuhetep, Thebes
13) Temple of Seti I, Abydos
14) Temple of Ramesseum, Thebes*for educational purposes only*

The Great Temple of Abu- Simbel It is one of the rock- hewn temples at
this place commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II. An entrance
forecourt leads to the imposing façade, 36 m ( 119 ft. ) wide and
32 m ( 105 ft. ) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are
four rock-cut seated colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m ( 65 ft. )
high.
http://www.culturefocus.com/egypt/pictures/abu-simbel-11small.jpg
https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/014ebc28e4.jpg

http://www.selectegypt.com/images/The%20great%20pillared%20hall%2022.jpg
http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/abusimbel3.jpg
http://www.culturefocus.com/egypt/pictures/abu-simbel-13small.jpg
http://www.insightguides.com/docs/images/thickbox/fafa7974-be36-4f05-a390-d2e8a4c64292.abu-simbel-egypt-2.jpg

Great Temple of Ammon, Khanak – most grandest temple in
Egyptian planning
& was commenced by Amenemhat 1 ; occupying an area of
1,200 ft. x 360 ft
http://www.bible-history.com/past/images/temple_of_amun_karnak.gif*for educational purposes only*

http://guardians.net/egypt/images/amuntemple2.jpg
http://www.willgoto.com/pictures/b/Precinct_of_Amun_Re_in_Karnak_temple.jpg*for educational purposes only*

Temple of Queen HATSHEPSUT ,
Mt. Der – El - Bahari
Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple
@ Mt.Der-El-Bahari.
http://www.egypttourinfo.com/uploads/13-05-29_03-02-28pm_249967493736423.jpg
http://www.sandrashaw.com/images/AH1L10Hat2.jpg

http://hawkebackpacking.com/images/pictures/africa/egypt_2007/luxor_hatshepsut/egypt_2007_luxor_hatshepsut_04.jpg*for educational purposes only*

OBELISKS – are
monumental pillars
usually in pairs at the
temple entrances
considered the symbol of
“Heliopolis” the sun
god. They are square in
plan & stands at the ht.
of 9 to 10 times the
diameter of the base. The
four sides tapers to the
top on the form of a
small pyramid.
http://toptravelservice.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Egyptian-Obelisks-2.jpg
http://www.bible-history.com/archaeology/egypt/obelisk-luxor-thebes.jpg*for educational purposes only*

SPHINX– a
mystical monster
with a body of a
lion and head of a
man or “
androsphinx”, body
of a lion & head of a
hawk or“
heiraosphinx “, &
body lion & head of
a ram or
“criosphinx”.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_-_20080716a.jpg

CAPITALS & COLUMNS
Bud & Bell Capital
Volute Capital
Hathor – Headed Capital
Polygonal Columns
Palm type Capital
Osiris Pillars
Papyrus Capital
Square Pillars

MOULDINGS – “Gorge and Hollow Moulding “
The torus mould in Egyptian temples were used to
cover the angles .
Gorge and hollow
moulding

ORNAMENTS
Lotus Papyrus & Palm –
for “ fertility”
Solar Discs & Vutures w/
wings – for “ protection ”
Spiral & feather ornament
– for “ eternity ”
Scarab or sacred beetle –
for “ resurrection”

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04 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

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04 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

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