Urban scale retrofitting of Georgian buildings in Edinburgh must balance conservation and sustainability. Retrofitting can improve energy efficiency but must not damage established heritage values. A pilot study of retrofitting a Georgian tenement could evaluate the impact of energy measures on conservation and inform future practice.

1. Urban scale retrofitting in the conservation of Georgian buildings in Edinburgh Cristina Gonzalez-Longo Dimitris Theodossopoulos University of Edinburgh GECO/STEEV 'Green Energy Tech' Workshop 13 October 2011

2. CONSERVATION v SUSTAINABILITY ? Permanent Change CONSERVATION (British Standard 1998): ‘ The action to secure the survival or preservation of objects of acknowledged value for the future’. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: “Our common Future “ or Brundtland Report): ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. CONSERVATION = SUSTAINABILITY ? Future

4. Retrofitting- is it appropriate for historic buildings? Yes, in the sense to adapt and protect them in the face of climate change, improving energy efficiency However, First, look at the building and urban fabric Study impact on conservation of retrofitting measures at urban and building scale assumptions can build in inaccuracies

7. EDINBURGH World Heritage Site Conservation Area

8. 1766- One of Europe’s best example of classical town planning

9. World Heritage Sites No explicit mention of sustainable development in World Heritage Convention (1972) – but preserve balance between people and nature. Budapest Declaration 2002: “ensure an appropriate and equitable balance between conservation, sustainability and development, so that World Heritage properties can be protected through appropriate activities contributing to the social and economic development and the quality of life of our communities”. Operational Guidelines (2005) and Sustainable Development : 6. “The protection and conservation of the natural and cultural heritage are a significant contribution to sustainable development.” 119 . … uses that are ecologically and culturally sustainable … (which) do not adversely impact the outstanding universal value, integrity and/or authenticity of the property . … (and must be) culturally sustainable “ Communities” added in 2007 ( Christchurch)

13. Scottish Building Standards- updates for Energy Performance Critical policy updates Part L A Low Carbon Building Standards Strategy For Scotland Sullivan Report, 2007 Ultimate aspiration of ‘total life’ zero carbon buildings by 2030 Panel (Austria, Denmark, Norway) appointed by Scottish Ministers to advise on a low carbon building standards strategy Recommend for existing buildings:  Consideration of developing practical performance standards for existing buildings (aligned with the energy performance certificates). Existing Non-domestic Buildings:  Carbon and energy assessment and produce a programme for upgrading.  The empowerment of local authorities  The publication of guidance  Consideration of ways to encourage owners  Rating on the Energy Performance Certificate in the procurement of buildings Existing Domestic Buildings:  Consideration of measures and targets and incentives to encourage owners  Existing carbon and energy efficiency programmes more carbon focussed  Building regulations continue to set the minimum standards  Scottish Building Standards Agency continue to provide guidance and should give consideration to joint ‘badging’ with industry bodies of such material.

14. Energy efficiency in Edinburgh- Pilot studies Energy Heritage – in partnership with Lister Housing Cooperative and Changeworks, EWH funded an pilot study of introducing simple energy saving measures to a block of category B listed Georgian tenements in Lauriston Place Renewable Heritage - in partnership with Lister Housing Cooperative and Changeworks, EWH funded an pilot study fitting solar water heating panels to the roof of the Georgian tenements in Lauriston Place.

16. Current practices and key players (architects, engineers, LA, contractors, users) in retrofitting and conservation Lister Housing

17. Target Edinburgh: Europe most sustainable city in northern Europe by 2015

18. The architecture of the existing Georgian (1714 to 1837) residential building stock in Edinburgh: Tenements Terraced Houses Town Houses

19. Structural scheme Heat loss in a typical home : 10% windows 15% draughts 15% floors 25% roof 35% walls

20. Where is it located? How it has been built? When it was built? Has it been altered? Is its current use adequate? heating, cooling, ventilation

21. Wall and facings

22. Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10: U‐values and traditional buildings Heat flow can be measured, and subsequently expressed, as U‐value (or thermal transmittance co‐efficient) being the heat flow through one square metre of a structure when the temperature on either side of the structure differs by one degree Celsius. The study found that software tends to overestimate U‐values of traditional building elements – they should extend their baseline database Traditional building elements tend to perform better thermally Increased wall thickness improves the thermal resistance: lower U‐value. Internal drylining and insulating of solid stonewalls can improve the thermal performance of the wall significantly The overall mix of stone to mortar might be up to 60/40%. The difference between the U‐value calculated assuming 40% mortar, and that allowing for 0% mortar (i.e. 100% stone), is 30%. Thermal benefits of retrofitting insulation depends on correct installation

23. Performance

24. Examples of interventions: Falstone Tea Rooms New design can and should be contemporary Lister Housing

28. New Scottish Parliament Building

29. New Scottish Parliament Building

33. New Scottish Parliament Building

36. BREEAM: the Environmental Assessment Method environmental impacts: * Management * Health and Wellbeing * Energy * Transport * Water * Material and Waste * Landuse and Ecology * Pollution Credits are awarded in each of the above areas according to performance. A set of environmental weightings then enables the credits to be added together to produce a single overall score. The building is then rated on a scale of: PASS, GOOD, VERY GOOD, EXCELLENT or OUTSTANDING and a certificate awarded to the development.

37. The way forward: Material conservation, an inherently waste-avoidance activity Sustainability as the reduction of environmental impact by not consuming non renewable resources Align the principles and practice of conservation in the twenty-first century fully with sustainability principles Improving the energy efficiency of heritage assets without compromising their character and value

38. Looking beyond the building: urban context Evaluating the balance between heritage and energy conservation Setting and the local area –social and economic impacts of conservation Exploring how conservation can regenerate an area of deprivation and raise its profile

39. Mapping To study and map climate and environmental conditions, including sun path, wind directions Record and embed available architectural and construction data Lister Housing

40. Very positive impact of : “ Care and conservation of Georgian houses in Edinburgh” (or, internationally, “Manuale di recupero della Cittá di Roma”) They can be updated, considering also modern means to disseminate information, like interactive tools and modelling proposed. Who such means are addressed to? Designers, contractors or home owners?

43. EDUCATION

44. T

45. Stone window surround model

47. [email_address] [email_address] http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/dtheodo1/