1. THE WHITE CITY OF TEL AVIV Michael Turner – Ha Noi 2009

2. U T O P I A S Theador Herzl Nahum Sokolov translated Altneuland in 1902 under the heading “Tel-Aviv”. “ Tel” signifies a ruin, “Aviv”- spring, that is- a ruin living to see another spring, - “Altneuland”.

3. U T O P I A S Thomas More

4. U T O P I A S Ebenezer Howard

5. U T O P I A S Boris Schatz

6. The Return to the Holy Land Eclecticism & Orientalism Houses built in the 1920s in a stylistic mixture which combined local, oriental motifs with those taken from classical architecture. Motifs were taken from Jewish Culture.

7. The Return to the Holy Land Eclecticism & Orientalism

8. The Garden City The English School English modernism united tradition with liberty, or rationalism with romanticism, evolved from William Morris’ philosophy, demanding functionalism and liberation from the eclecticism of the 19th century. Thus architects searched for the continuity of local traditions and building methods.

9. Sources of Modernism in Israel Henry Van De Velde (1863-1957) E. Mendelsohn Influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright Promoted the role of the artist in society: rejected standardization; the architect as an ideal creator. Supported Gropius’s Work Council for Arts Together with Richard Neutra on garden design, Haifa Le Corbusier directly influenced Israeli architects- Rechter, Barkai, Yaski Mendelsohn moves to Palestine Influences Bauhaus, and graduate Arieh Sharon returns to Israel C R Ashbee (1863-1942) Arts & Crafts- ‘constructive socialist’, supports garden city movement. Advisor to Jerusalem Planning Committee William Morris (1834-1896) His socialist views influenced Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). Developed Garden City concept. Influenced Richard Kaufmann who immigrated to Palestine and designed the first garden suburbs.

10. Sources of Modernism in Israel Early modernism in Europe (1910-25) was linked to social reforms of Arts and Crafts movements in England and Germany, though without architectural solutions. Morris, Shaw and Ashbee promoted anti-urban socialist concepts. Ebenezer Howard promoted ideas of the garden suburb, the self-sufficient city. Le Corbusier’s planning model of the Plan Voisin though never adopted, gave the simple language that was to be tested in Israel.

12. The Return to the Holy Land Moshav The plan of the cooperative settlement of Nahalal, by Kaufmann in 1924, is a reflection of the desire and dream to create the ideal and perfect society. Centric organization: means of industrial production are sited in the central circle, surrounded by residential area, which is surrounded by farmlands.

13. The British Mandate (1920-1948) - Jerusalem Richard Kaufmanns’ design for Rehavia urban ideals and garden suburb

14. The British Mandate (1920-1948) - Haifa ‘ Garden Neighborhood’ designed by Erich Mendelsohn. Central Carmel ‘Garden Neighborhood’ designed by Richard Kaufmann.

15. Tel Aviv - 1909 Ahuzat Bayit Built as a suburb of Jaffa in 1909, in which each house was surrounded by a garden, was the first neighborhood in Israel planned according to the garden city concept.

16. The British Mandate (1920-1948) – Tel Aviv The new city of Tel Aviv began as a combination of neo-classical elements and the new Garden City concept. The original nucleus contained a main street on the symmetrical axis – leading to the first Hebrew high school, intersected by several streets and a wide avenue- forming a grid with potential growth. While urban design was committed to European types, the Tel Aviv architecture was to be very eclectic: a mixture of east and west.

17. Tel Aviv – 1925 The Geddes Plan - concepts

19. City map from 1931 – central and northern areas based on Geddes Plan of 1927

20. Geddes’ master plan consisted of a hierarchical grid of main arteries and secondary streets forming urban ‘blocks’ . Within each block, a sub-system of short and narrow residential streets- ‘homeways’ encircled a small public park at the centre. Tel Aviv – 1925 the Geddes plan

23. The Super block open space/public buildings at the core

24. super block core The opposition to the plan came from those who wanted to build on the valuable land that was left in the core of the superblock. Anticipating this, Geddes proposed that the state sell the cheaper lands north of the Yarkon river. Unfortunately today, not much is left from the original plan, yet, the area where the plan has survived is considered the most comfortable in Tel-Aviv. Tel Aviv’s fabric today: Legacy of the Geddes Plan (1925)

25. Tel Aviv – 1938 The revised plan

26. 1940 - Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung Araberdorf The Economic Crisis (1925-27- 29)

27. The Bauhaus School The International Style The Modern Movement Tel Aviv

28. The Modern Movement

29. The Levant Fair (1934-36) The Modern Movement

30. The Levant Fair (1934-36) The Modern Movement

31. Tel Aviv Architecture - influences and inspirations BAUHAUS

33. ERICH MENDELSSOHN Mendelssohn was already one of the most distinguished architects in Europe when he moved to Palestine. His expressive style, combining new materials invested his architecture with special organic qualities. Tel Aviv Architecture - influences and inspiration

37. Tel Aviv Architecture Gavrilovitsz House - M. Schwartz, 1930

38. Tel Aviv Architecture Hess Street - R. Kaufmann, 1931

39. Tel Aviv Architecture 4 Ein Vered Street - P. Bijonski, 1933

40. Tel Aviv Architecture 7 Vilna Street - G. Sapoznikov, 1936

41. Tel Aviv Architecture 9 Gordon Steet - D. Karmi, 1935

42. Tel Aviv Architecture “ Hod” residence - A. Sharon, 1931

43. Tel Aviv Architecture details

44. The conservation plan

45. An aerial photograph of the city centre today

51. Criteria for inscription Inscribes the White City of Tel-Aviv - the Modern Movement , Israel , on the World Heritage List on the basis of cultural criteria (ii) and (iv): Criterion (ii): The White City of Tel Aviv is a synthesis of outstanding significance of the various trends of the Modern Movement in architecture and town planning in the early part of the 20th century. Such influences were adapted to the cultural and climatic conditions of the place, as well as being integrated with local traditions. Criterion (iv): The new town of Tel Aviv is an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century, adapted to the requirements of a particular cultural and geographic context.

53. Criteria for inscription 3. Encourages the State Party to continue monitoring development trends in Tel Aviv, and to improve where possible the control of changes in the existing fabric; 4. Recommends that height limits be proposed for the property and its buffer zone; 5. Encourages the State Party to integrate the management and conservation plans in order to guarantee their efficacy. 27 COM 8C.24 With regard to protective legislation in Israel, the World Heritage Committee, 1. Encourages the State Party to broaden the scope of its system of legal protection at the national level to include modern heritage.

57. Le Corbusier Superblock model