2. Dynamic Routing
Advantages of Dynamic over static :
• There is no need to know the destination networks.
•
Need to advertise the directly connected networks.
•
Updates the topology changes dynamically.
•
Administrative work is reduced
•
Used for large organizations.
2
3. Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
• Distance Vector Protocol
• Link State Protocol
• Hybrid Protocol
3
4. Distance Vector Protocol
• Works with Bellman Ford algorithm
• Periodic updates
• Classful routing protocol
• Full Routing tables are exchanged
• Updates are through broadcast
• Also known as “Routing By Rumor”
• Example: RIP, IGRP
4
5. Link State Protocol
• Works with Dijkstra algorithm
• Link state updates
• Classless routing protocol
• Missing routes are exchanged
• Updates are through multicast
• Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”
• Example : OSPF, IS-IS
5
6. Hybrid Protocol
• Works with DUAL algorithm
• Link state updates
• Classless routing protocol
• Missing routes are exchanged
• Updates are through multicast
• Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”
• Example : EIGRP
6
7. Routing Information Protocol
• Open Standard Protocol
• Classful routing protocol
• Updates are broadcasted via 255.255.255.255
• Administrative distance is 120
• Metric : Hop count
Max Hop counts : 15
Max routers : 16
• Load Balancing of 4 equal paths
• Used for small organizations
7
8. Rip Timers
• Update timer : 30 sec
– Time between consecutive updates
• Invalid timer : 180 sec
– Time a router waits to hear updates
– The route is marked unreachable if there is no
update during this interval.
• Flush timer : 240 sec
– Time before the invalid route is purged from the
routing table
• Holddown timer : 180sec
– Specifies the amount of time for which the
8
information about poorer routes are ignored.
9. RIP - Network Diagram
10.0.0.1/8
S0
HYD
11.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
10.0.0.2/8
E0
192.168.1.150/24
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
CHE
S1
11.0.0.2/8
E0
192.168.2.150/24
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
BAN
E0
192.168.3.150/2
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
9
10. Disadvantages of RIP
• More Bandwidth utilization
• Doesn’t consider the bandwidth, works only with hop
counts
• Slow convergence
• Formation of Routing loops
10
14. Hyderabad(config)# no ip routing
Hyderabad(config)# ip routing
Hyderabad(config)# router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# ^Z
Hyderabad# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R
11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
C
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R
192.168.2.0/24 [120/1]nothingbut
via of Rip
120 is Metric 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
Metricof Rip
120 isnothing but
R – for RIP routes
– for RIP routes
Administrative Distance 00:00:25, Serial0
R R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] Hop Count
via Distance
Administrative 10.0.0.2,
Hop Count
Hyderabad#
Diagram
14
15. Hyderabad# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send Recv
Key-chain
Ethernet0
1
1 2
Serial0
1
1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.1.0
10.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
10.0.0.2
120
00:00:00
Distance: (default is 120)
Hyderabad#
15
Diagram
16. Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:> telnet 192.168.2.150
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Chennai Router
================================
User Access Verification
password : ****
Directly Connected Networks on
Chennai> enable Directly Connected Networks on
CHENNAI Router
password : ****
CHENNAI Router
Chennai# configure terminal
192.168.2.0
192.168.2.0
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
Chennai(config)# interface serial 1
11.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
Chennai(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Chennai(config-if)# no shut
Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc
Chennai(config-if)# interface serial 0
Chennai(config-if)# ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Chennai(config-if)# no shut
Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc
Diagram
16
18. Chennai(config)# no ip routing
Chennai(config)# ip routing
Chennai(config)# router rip
Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0
Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Chennai(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0
^
Chennai(config-router)# Z
Chennai# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C
11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R
192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1
C
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R
192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] viaMetricofbut 00:00:12, Serial0
11.0.0.2,
120 is Metric ofbut
120 isnothing Rip
nothing Rip
R – for RIP routes
Diagram
R – for
Chennai# RIP routes Administrative Count
Hop Count
AdministrativeDistance
Distance
18
Hop
19. Chennai# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send Recv
Key-chain
Ethernet0
1
1 2
Serial0
1
1 2
Serial1
1
1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.2.0
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
11.0.0.2
120
00:00:23
10.0.0.1
120
00:00:03
Distance: (default is 120)
Chennai#
Diagram
19
20. Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:> telnet 192.168.3.150
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Banglore Router
================================
User Access Verification
password : ****
Directly Connected Networks on
Banglore> enableDirectly Connected Networks on
Banglore Router
password : ****
Banglore Router
Banglore# configure terminal
192.168.3.0
192.168.3.0
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
11.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
Banglore(config)# interface serial 1
Banglore(config-if)# ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Banglore(config-if)# no shut
Banglore(config-if)# clockrate 64000
Banglore(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc
Banglore(config-if)# exit
Banglore(config)#
20
Diagram
22. Banglore(config)# no ip routing
Banglore(config)# ip routing
Banglore(config)# router rip
Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0
Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0
Banglore(config-router)# ^Z
Banglore# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
R
10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
C
11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
R
192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
120 is Metric ofbut
Metric of Rip
120 isnothing Rip
R – for RIP routes [120/1]nothing but
– for RIP routes
R R 192.168.2.0/24
via Distance
Administrative Count
Hop 11.0.0.1,
AdministrativeDistance 00:00:04, Serial1
Hop Count
C
192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Banglore#
22
Diagram
23. Banglore# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send Recv
Key-chain
Ethernet0
1
1 2
Serial1
1
1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.3.0
11.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
11.0.0.1
120
00:00:06
Distance: (default is 120)
Banglore#
23
Diagram
24. Hyderabad# ping 192.168.3.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad# ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
24
Diagram
25. Chennai# ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai# ping 192.168.3.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai#
25
Diagram
26. Banglore# ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore# ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
26
Diagram
