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The Carrying Capacity
Environmental Factors:
   Size of area and usable space


      Fragility of environment


         Wildlife resources


      Fragility of environment
Social Factors:
          Viewing Pattern


      Tourists’ viewing choices


          Visitors’ opinions


       Availability of facilities
To increase carrying capacity

          Design viewing tracks, trails etc.


     Reduce conflict between competing uses


   Provide information and interpretation services


          Increase durability of resources


             Encourage off-season use
Carrying capacity =         Area used by tourists
                           Average individual standard

Total of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X Rotation Coefficient


Rotation coefficient =         No. of daily hours
                              Average time of visit


          Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists
                           Average individual standard per area
5 ha

                        4 ha                           .1 ha
                                       7 ha
                                                     8 ha        Carrying capacity
                                                                 Carrying capacity
                                                                 Carrying capacity
                                                                 Carrying

                                              7.5 ha            100,000sqm ///5,000
                                                                 70,000 sqm /5,000
                                                                 75,000 sqm /20,00
                                                                  84,000 sqm 500
                                                                  50,000 sqm 200
                                                                  80,000
                                                                   40,000
                                                                    1,000      20
                                                                               500
                               10 ha                            sqm/pax ==100pax
                                                                 sqm/pax = 14 pax
                                                                 sqm/pax = 15 pax
                                                                sqm/pax ==400pax
                                                                 sqm/pax 20 pax
                                                                  sqm/pax 4.2
                                                                            50
                                                                            80
                                          8.4 ha
                                                                Rotation Coefficient
                                                                Rotation Coefficient
                                                                Rotation Coefficient
                                                                 Rotation

                                                                 24 hrs ///6 hrs = 2
                                                                 12 hrs /24hrs = 2
                                                                  12 hrs 2 hrs = 3
                                                                  12 hrs 4 hrs = 1
                                                                 12 hrs / 6 hrs = 3
                                                                   6        4       3

                                                                  Total Daily Visit
                                                                  Total Daily Visit
                                                                  Total Daily Visit
                                                                   Total Daily Visit
Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares         100 pax X 2 = 28 pax
                                                                4.2 pax X 2 = 100pax
                                                                14 pax X 1 = 40 pax
                                                                20
                                                                 50
                                                                 80       3 12.6pax
                                                               400 pax X 32= 1,200 pax
                                                                 15           30
                                                                              150 pax
                                                                              240 pax
Carrying Capacity of water in an island
Assumptions:
               10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water
                         5% effective recharge

                         125mm x 5%  6.25 mm

              1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area)


      Recharge  6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha.
                62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day

       Resident use  3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day  750m3/day

    Available water  2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day  1,333.3 m3/day

    Tourists that can be served  1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day =
                                1,904 tourists
Nature for whom?
Issues Facing the Development of
Ecotourism in the Philippines
A. Environmental


B. Institutional


C. Policy

• 1. Long Gestation Period
  2. Ecotourism is a niche market
  3. No or little existing ecotourism programs

D. General Knowledge


E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel
Ecotourism – The Activity
Mountaineering/Trekking
Mountaineering/Trekking                          Climbers’ Responsibilities

      If there is an established trail, walk in a single line
      Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir
                    Avoid disturbing wildlife
   Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite
   For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet”
               Bring along camping equipment
          Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers
             Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture
       Abandon the old practice of digging trenches
                           Do not buy
               Find out the maximum capacity
                         Always register
                      Avoid giving money
   Make sure that health measures are taken into account
                      Always hire a guide
Mountaineering/Trekking
Mountaineering/Trekking
     Grading System


                                            Gradual trail
    Easy              2-4 hours of         Clearly Marked
                        walking        Located in rolling terrain



                                       Trail with combination of
                      4-6 hours of        few steeps ascents
 Moderate
                        walking              rolling terrain


                                              Steep Trail
  Strenuous           4-8 hours of    Obstacles, thick vegetation,
                        walking             rivers crossings
                                          Water discipline
Birdwatching
Bird watching




PHILIPPINE EAGLE           BLACK SHAMA
(Pithecophaga jefferyi)   (Copysychus Cebuensis)
Bird watching




PALAWAN PEACOCK
    PHEASANT
                         SERPENT EAGLE
                         (Spiloris Holospilus)
(Polypectron emphanum)
Bird watching




                                 SLENDER-BILLED
PHILIPPINE FALCONET              CUCKOO DOVE
(Microhierax erythrogonys)
                             (Macropygia phasianella tenuiostris)
Bird watching




YELLOW-BREASTED             MARCHE’S FRUIT
   FRUIT DOVE                  DOVE
 (Ptilinopus occipitalis)   (Ptilinopus Marchei)
Bird watching




LUZON BLEEDING HEART         COLASISI/PHIL
 (Gallicolumba Luzonica    HANGING PARAKEET
        Luzonica)         (Loriculus Philipensis regulus)
Bird watching




 MINDANAO LORIKEET            PHILIPPINE COCKATOO
(Trichologossus Johnstoniae
                              (Kakatoe haematuropygia)
        Johnstoniea)
Bird watching




BLUE-HEADED RACKET
   TAILED PARROT
                           PHILIPPINE MALLARD
                              (Anas Luzonica)
  (Prioniturus discurus)
Bird watching




    SHINY DRONGO/
                                    ELEGANT TITMOUSE
      BALICASSIAO                   (Parus elegans visayanus)
(Discrurus balicassius Mirabilis)
Bird watching




PHIL GLOSSY STARLING        BLACK-BACKED
  (Aplonis panayensis          COLETO
     panayensis)        (Sarcops calvus melanonotus)
Bird watching

   PHIL FLOWER PECKER
(Dicareum australe haematosticum)




PHILIPPINE TROGON
 (Harpactes ardens ardens)




     PHIL COUCAL
   (Centropus viridis viridis)
Bird watching


Possible sites for
  birdwatching:

 Olango Island
 Philippine Eagle
Nature Research
    Center
 Calauit Island
  Mt. Makiling
Scuba Diving
Issues affecting the diving community
 Spearfishing



  Feeding


  Touching



  Agitating


   Playing
Scuba Diving

 Dive sites:

 ANILAO
  PUERTO
  GALERA
  EL NIDO
 MOALBOAL
 BALICASAG
   ISLAND
Whale Watching
Marine Mammals Species:
 Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)

 Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

 Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaengliae)

  Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

 Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)

  Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus)
       Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)

   Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)

 Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides)

 Melon-headed Whale (Pepeonocephala electra)

 Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresca attenuata)
Marine Mammals Species:
 Short-finned Pilot Whale     (Globicephala macroryhnchus)


  Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)
  Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)

     Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)

 Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)

 Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)
 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

 False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidena)

  Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)

  Stripped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba)
         Dugong (Dugong Dugon)
Caving (Spelunking)
Safety Measures
                      Light is the most important tool.

                        Never enter a cave alone.

             Never enter a cave without proper equipment.

Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected
                             to be back

       Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall

             Never enter a cave without a competent guide

                  Never touch any animal inside a cave

               Never touch delicate limestone formations

                   Do not leave anything inside caves

         Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls

                     Never take anything as souvenir.
Caves
INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE



SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK



          SAGADA


        HOYOP-HOYOPAN


        PENABLANCA
Community Ecotourism

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Ecotourism Report

  • 1.
  • 3. Environmental Factors: Size of area and usable space Fragility of environment Wildlife resources Fragility of environment
  • 4. Social Factors: Viewing Pattern Tourists’ viewing choices Visitors’ opinions Availability of facilities
  • 5. To increase carrying capacity Design viewing tracks, trails etc. Reduce conflict between competing uses Provide information and interpretation services Increase durability of resources Encourage off-season use
  • 6. Carrying capacity = Area used by tourists Average individual standard Total of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X Rotation Coefficient Rotation coefficient = No. of daily hours Average time of visit Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists Average individual standard per area
  • 7. 5 ha 4 ha .1 ha 7 ha 8 ha Carrying capacity Carrying capacity Carrying capacity Carrying 7.5 ha 100,000sqm ///5,000 70,000 sqm /5,000 75,000 sqm /20,00 84,000 sqm 500 50,000 sqm 200 80,000 40,000 1,000 20 500 10 ha sqm/pax ==100pax sqm/pax = 14 pax sqm/pax = 15 pax sqm/pax ==400pax sqm/pax 20 pax sqm/pax 4.2 50 80 8.4 ha Rotation Coefficient Rotation Coefficient Rotation Coefficient Rotation 24 hrs ///6 hrs = 2 12 hrs /24hrs = 2 12 hrs 2 hrs = 3 12 hrs 4 hrs = 1 12 hrs / 6 hrs = 3 6 4 3 Total Daily Visit Total Daily Visit Total Daily Visit Total Daily Visit Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares 100 pax X 2 = 28 pax 4.2 pax X 2 = 100pax 14 pax X 1 = 40 pax 20 50 80 3 12.6pax 400 pax X 32= 1,200 pax 15 30 150 pax 240 pax
  • 8. Carrying Capacity of water in an island Assumptions: 10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water  5% effective recharge 125mm x 5%  6.25 mm 1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area) Recharge  6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha.  62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day Resident use  3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day  750m3/day Available water  2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day  1,333.3 m3/day Tourists that can be served  1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day = 1,904 tourists
  • 10.
  • 11. Issues Facing the Development of Ecotourism in the Philippines
  • 12. A. Environmental B. Institutional C. Policy • 1. Long Gestation Period 2. Ecotourism is a niche market 3. No or little existing ecotourism programs D. General Knowledge E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel
  • 13. Ecotourism – The Activity
  • 15. Mountaineering/Trekking Climbers’ Responsibilities If there is an established trail, walk in a single line Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir Avoid disturbing wildlife Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet” Bring along camping equipment Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture Abandon the old practice of digging trenches Do not buy Find out the maximum capacity Always register Avoid giving money Make sure that health measures are taken into account Always hire a guide
  • 17. Mountaineering/Trekking Grading System  Gradual trail Easy 2-4 hours of  Clearly Marked walking  Located in rolling terrain  Trail with combination of 4-6 hours of few steeps ascents Moderate walking  rolling terrain  Steep Trail Strenuous 4-8 hours of  Obstacles, thick vegetation, walking rivers crossings  Water discipline
  • 19. Bird watching PHILIPPINE EAGLE BLACK SHAMA (Pithecophaga jefferyi) (Copysychus Cebuensis)
  • 20. Bird watching PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT SERPENT EAGLE (Spiloris Holospilus) (Polypectron emphanum)
  • 21. Bird watching SLENDER-BILLED PHILIPPINE FALCONET CUCKOO DOVE (Microhierax erythrogonys) (Macropygia phasianella tenuiostris)
  • 22. Bird watching YELLOW-BREASTED MARCHE’S FRUIT FRUIT DOVE DOVE (Ptilinopus occipitalis) (Ptilinopus Marchei)
  • 23. Bird watching LUZON BLEEDING HEART COLASISI/PHIL (Gallicolumba Luzonica HANGING PARAKEET Luzonica) (Loriculus Philipensis regulus)
  • 24. Bird watching MINDANAO LORIKEET PHILIPPINE COCKATOO (Trichologossus Johnstoniae (Kakatoe haematuropygia) Johnstoniea)
  • 25. Bird watching BLUE-HEADED RACKET TAILED PARROT PHILIPPINE MALLARD (Anas Luzonica) (Prioniturus discurus)
  • 26. Bird watching SHINY DRONGO/ ELEGANT TITMOUSE BALICASSIAO (Parus elegans visayanus) (Discrurus balicassius Mirabilis)
  • 27. Bird watching PHIL GLOSSY STARLING BLACK-BACKED (Aplonis panayensis COLETO panayensis) (Sarcops calvus melanonotus)
  • 28. Bird watching PHIL FLOWER PECKER (Dicareum australe haematosticum) PHILIPPINE TROGON (Harpactes ardens ardens) PHIL COUCAL (Centropus viridis viridis)
  • 29. Bird watching Possible sites for birdwatching:  Olango Island  Philippine Eagle Nature Research Center  Calauit Island  Mt. Makiling
  • 31. Issues affecting the diving community Spearfishing Feeding Touching Agitating Playing
  • 32. Scuba Diving Dive sites: ANILAO  PUERTO GALERA  EL NIDO  MOALBOAL  BALICASAG ISLAND
  • 34. Marine Mammals Species: Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni) Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaengliae) Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus) Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus) Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) Melon-headed Whale (Pepeonocephala electra) Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresca attenuata)
  • 35. Marine Mammals Species: Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macroryhnchus) Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata) Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidena) Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) Stripped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba) Dugong (Dugong Dugon)
  • 37. Safety Measures Light is the most important tool. Never enter a cave alone. Never enter a cave without proper equipment. Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected to be back Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall Never enter a cave without a competent guide Never touch any animal inside a cave Never touch delicate limestone formations Do not leave anything inside caves Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls Never take anything as souvenir.
  • 38. Caves INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK SAGADA HOYOP-HOYOPAN PENABLANCA