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Wireless basic infrastructure topology slides
1.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 1 Basic Wireless Infrastructure and Topologies Developed by Sebastian Buettrich and Alberto Escudero Pascual
2.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 2 Goals • To be aware of the most common wireless topologies •
To be able to identify and plan suitable topologies for real scenarios • To give a brief introduction to practical setup
3.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 3 Table of Contents • Basic Network Topologies •
Topologies in wireless networking • Wireless Components (AP, clients) • Wireless Modes (ad hoc, infrastructure) • Practical cases (incl. setup) – Ad hoc, Star, PtP, Repeating and Mesh • Real life examples
4.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 4 Basic Network Topologies
5.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 5 Topologies Relevant for Wireless Networking • Star
Yes, standard wireless topology • Tree Yes (a combination of star and line) • Line Yes, with two or more elements (PtP) • Mesh Yes, mainly partial mesh • Ring Possible, but rarely found • Bus Not applicable. Why?
6.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 6 Some General Remarks • Wireless communication needs no medium –
EM waves travel through “nothing” – The “line” in a network diagram is the connection that is being made • Wireless communication is always 2way – Except for passive sniffing – Applies to transmitters/receivers, clients/masters
7.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 7 Wireless Components • Access Point –
Wireless transmitter/receiver that bridges between wireless nodes and a wired network – IEEE 802.11 + Wired Ethernet connection • Wireless clients – Any computer with a wireless network adapter card that transmits and receives RF signals – Laptop, PDA, surveillance equipment, VoIP phone
8.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 8 Two Basic Wireless Modes 1.Ad Hoc (IBSS) 2.Infrastructure (BSS)
9.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 9 Mode 1: Ad hoc (Peertopeer) • Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) •
No need of central access point • All nodes need to use the same SSID and channel • Not scalable
10.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 10 Mode 2: Infrastructure • Extended Service Set (ESS) •
Central access point is needed • “Connects“ a WLAN to an Ethernet network • Clients and AP's must use the same SSID • Channel is set in AP and discovered by clients • Scalable
11.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 11 Remarks about Wireless Modes • In both modes, the SSID identifies the network •
Consider the SSID as the “label” of a Ethernet jack on the wall • Modes (modes of operation) can be hidden and not noticeable in a topology – ex: A PtP link can be ad hoc or infrastructure
12.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 12 Ad hoc case 1: Pointtopoint • Connecting two wireless clients directly •
Building to building (when one has Internet connection and the other one does not) • Inside an office
13.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 13 Ad hoc Case 1: Pointtopoint Setting Node 1
Node 2 Mode ad hoc ad hoc SSID MY_SSID MY_SSID Channel Need to agree and know each others Need to agree and know each others IP address Typically fixed Typically fixed
14.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 14 Infrastructure Case 1: Star • Hotspots, Telecenters, Offices and WISP's •
Point to Multipoint • The most common infrastructure in wireless networking
15.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 15 Infrastructure Case 1: Star Setting AP/Gateway
Node x Mode Infrastructure Infrastructure SSID Sets MY_SSID Connects to MY_SSID Channel Sets channel x Discovers channel from AP IP address Typically runs DHCP server Typically gets IP via DHCP lease
16.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 16 Infrastructure Case 2: Point to Point • Standard element of wireless infrastructure •
A PtP link may be part of – a star, a tree, a two point line or other topology
17.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 17 Infrastructure Case 2: Point to Point Setting Node 1
Node 2 Mode Any Any SSID MY_SSID MY_SSID Channel Set the Channel Discovers the channel IP address Typically fixed Typically fixed MAC address Might be fixed to one another's MAC Might be fixed to one another's MAC
18.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 18 Infrastructure Case 3: Repeating • Necessary when direct line of sight (LOS) is obstructed
19.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 19 Infrastructure case 3: Repeating • The repeating unit consist of • One or two physical devices • Two radios or one radio and “isolated antennas” • Can be seen as a “receiving client and a retransmitting access point”
20.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 20 Infrastructure Case 4: Mesh • Mesh topologies are an interesting option mainly in –
dynamic environments (urban areas) – where central infrastructure is hard to implement – when redundancy is desired • Typical cases are: municipal networks, campus networks and neighborhood communities
21.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 21 Infrastructure Case 4: Mesh • Full mesh topology (each node is direct connected to all other nodes) •
Partial mesh topology (each node is direct connected to some but not all nodes) • Nothing is necessarily dynamic in a mesh • Used as synonym for "ad hoc" or "mobile" network
22.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 22 Infrastructure case 4: Mesh • All mesh nodes need to run the same mesh routing protocol •
The nodes can be of different operating systems and hardware types if they comply with the mesh protocol specification
23.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 23 Infrastructure Case 4: Mesh Setting Node x1
Node x2 Mode ad hoc ad hoc SSID MY_SSID MY_SSID Channel Channel x Channel x IP address Typically static and manually set Typically static and manually set MAC address Might be fixed to one another's MAC Might be fixed to one another's MAC
24.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 24 Real Life Examples of Wireless Infrastructure • Real life wireless networks are very often combinations of more than one topology •
Graphical representations are totally arbitrary and different from one another
25.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 25 Typical office network
26.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 26 Widearea Wireless backbone 5
27.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 27 Nepalwireless.net Backbone Topology
28.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 28 Mesh Network (OLSR) Berlin Wizards of OS 2004
29.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 29 Wireless Backbone, rural Nigeria
30.
Last updated: 20 April 2006 Sebastian Büttrich ItrainOnline MMTK www.itrainonline.org 30 Conclusions • Most wireless implementations are based on –
Star, tree or line topology • In implementations we can find two modes: – Ad hoc or infrastructure (more common) • The basics of any setup includes: – Mode, SSID, Channel + MAC/auth + IP • Many wireless implementations are based on more than one topology
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