Asif Iqbal

combinational logic circuits: multiplexers/demulti rom pal pla eeprom eprom prom ram pre-fetching microinstructions microinstruction with next address field wide branch addressing execution of a complete instruction. hardwire and micro-operations instruction cycles and subcycles ( fetch and 8 ex formats instruction types heterodyne detection ber and q factor measurement coherent detection: f power penalties. the quantum unit. eye diagram: eye pattern feature error sources optical receiver operation: fundamental receiver o front end amplifier. digital receiver performance: homodyne detection iber comparisons. digital links: point to point li avalanche photodiodes. photo detector noise: noise temperature effect on avalanche gain power launching versus wavelength comparison of photo detectors response time structure of in gaas apds equilibrium numerical aperture. photo detectors: p source output patterns source to fiber power launching power coupling calculation signal to noise ration. detector response time: de resonant frequency laser diode structures and radiation patterns optical sources - light emitting diodes (leds): st external quantum efficiency quantum efficiency on led power modulation of a le light source materials single mode lasers modulation of laser diodes laser diode rate equations laser diodes- models and threshold conditions laser lines. intrinsic absorption single mode fiber: cut-off wavelength ray light scattering losses in silica glass fibers the gaussian approximation step index fibers graded index fibers effective refractive index mode field diameter and spot size mie scattering. cylindrical fiber: modes extrinsic absorption. linear scattering losses equivalent step index methods. signal distortion i group delay and mode delay factor mode coupling material absorption modes in a planar guide skew rays. electromagnetic mode theory for optical phase and group velocity acceptance angle goos hanchen shift. overview of optical fiber communication: the gener phase shift with total internal reflection and the advantages of optical fiber communication. optical numerical aperture ray theory transmission total internal reflection ripple counter flip flops analysis of clocked sequential circuits other counters. synchronous counter state reduction and assignments storage elements: latches sequential circuits design procedure. registers and counters: shift re negative numbers and their arithmetic binary arithmetic switching regulators shunt series voltage regulators photo diode tunnel diode varactor diode led schottky diode basic principle of sinusoidal oscillator r-c phase shift and wein bridge oscillators tuned oscillators- collpits and hartley crystal oscillator series-shunt series-series shunt-series and shunt-shunt feedback amplifiers properties of negative feedback adc r2r ladder sar adc binary weighted dac dual slop adc dac astable and monostable multivibrator bistable ic-555 timer opamp application j-k. shift registers: basic principle flip-flops- s-r d t serial and parallel data transfer synchronous counters encoders/decoders. sequential logic circuits: latc ring/johnson counters. shift left/right registers universal shift register. counters: mode n counter ripple counters jk flip-flop master-slave flip-flop latches flip-flop race around conditions decimal adder bcd adder stack organization register organization indirect addressing immediate addressing direct addressing fully associtive. set associative mapping direct mapping dram sram instruction cycle process organization bus arbitration serial and parallel bus memory computer architecture virtual memory