3. The current policies of spectrum
Mobile and multi-device lifestyle
block result in inefficiency of
currently requires multi-band and
spectrum usage. In some block, the
multi-platform wireless technology,
spectra are saturated, whereas
which should be simplified and/or
other bands are underused. The
future-enhanced with software-
improvement will need a flexible yet
defined wireless technology.
regulated use of spectrum band.
Context-aware service and
applications could be improved with
cross-layer optimization including
the flexible use of spectrum.
4. Y U NO
make wireless
systems
computationally
intelligent ??
5. Most-Effective
Cognitive Generic (or Any Available
Device
Radio TX / RX Spectrum)
9. 2005
• IEEE Communications Society & IEEE Electromagnetic
Compatibility Society established IEEE P1900 Standard
Committee to develop supporting standards for dynamic
spectrum management.
2007
• IEEE Standard Board reorganised P1900 SC as Standards
Coordinating Committee 41 (SCC41), Dynamic Spectrum
Access Networks (DySPAN).
2010
• SCC41 voted to be organised under IEEE Communications
Society Standards Board, and was renamed as IEEE DySPAN
SC (Standard Committee).
10. New techniques and
DSA radio systems and
methods of DSA including
networks with the focus on
the management of radio
improved use of spectrum
transmission interference
Coordination of wireless
technologies including
network management and
information sharing amongst
networks deploying different
wireless technologies
11. 1900.1 •Terminology and Concepts for Next Generation Radio Systems and
Spectrum Management
1900.2 •Interference and Coexistence Analysis
1900.3 •Conformance Evaluation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software
Modules
1900.4 •Architectural Building Blocks Enabling Network-Device Distributed Decision
Making in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks
1900.5 •Policy Language and Policy Architectures for Managing Cognitive Radio for
Dynamic Spectrum Access Applications
1900.6 •Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum
Access and other Advanced Radio Communication Systems
P1900.7 •Radio Interface for White Space Dynamic Spectrum Access Radio Systems
Supporting Fixed and Mobile Operation
12. IEEE 802.22
• 802.22 is a wireless communication at 54–863 MHz. It
has an arrangement related to the identification of the
PUs and defining the power levels so as not to
interfere with the adjacent bands. BS controls all the
CPE’s decisions as to when to send data and the
channels to use. CPE senses the spectrum in its
vicinity, helping in distributed detection of PU activity.
IEEE 802.16
• 802.16 (WiMAX) has its own set of standards that
support CR-like functionalities, including methods of
efficient coexistence of multiple BWA systems. It also
discussed interference analysis and coexistence
issues for BWA networks in its bands.
13. IEEE 802.15
• 802.15 (WPAN) works in the license-exempt bands and also have
their own set of standards related to coexistence.
IEEE 802.11
• Coexistence mechanisms are also included in 802.11 WiFi
standards, including dynamic frequency selection and transmit
power control for coexistence with satellite and radar systems
operating in the 5 GHz band.
IEEE 802.19
• This standard defines general coexistence metrics for all IEEE
802 networks working in the unlicensed bands. Although focusing
on IEEE 802 networks, the guidelines of the standard can be
applicable to other unlicensed wireless systems
14.
15. Cognitive radio (CR)
• is a type of wireless transmission in which
communication systems are aware of their
environment and internal state and can make
decisions about their radio operating behavior
based on that information and predefined
objectives.
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA)
• is the real-time adjustment of spectrum utilisation in
response to changing circumstances and
objectives.
17. Policies, Rules,
etc
TX
Reconfigurable Radio
Decision Radio Platform Environment
Database RX , User
Behaviour,
Device
State, etc
Learning &
Reasoning
Sensing
18.
19. System A System B System C
System A System B System C
System A System B System C
Heterogeneous-type Cognitive Radio
Spectrum Sharing type Cognitive Radio
20. RAN
Cross-
Oper
CTM CNM Network
ator
Signalling
RAT
Heterogeneous type cognitive radio selects optimal radio access networks (RAN) or
operators and radio access technologies (RAT) based on collaboration between
cognitive terminal manager (CTM/TRM) and cognitive network managers (CNM/NRM)
via cross-network signalling.
21. 2. Collect sensing info CNM
from terminals (NRM)
Decide network
policy for users Network Reconfiguration
Operator 3
Operator 1
CNM CNM
Operator 2 (NRM)
(NRM)
CROSS
NETWORK
SIGNALLING Reconfiguration
3. Request network policy
and send it from CNM to CTM 4. Decide radio access technology
1. Sense radio link quality
CTM and/or operators using user
(TRM) preference & network policy
22. Adaptive gain-controlled Tunable filter or band Broadband up-
amplifier selection RF filter conversion mixer
Cognitive Radio Baseband Signal Processor
FILTE
AMP D|A
R Multi-core
Interfaces Part
Tunable IP Part
Multiband
Multiband Multiband
Antenna MIXER Synthesizer Clock
SWITCH
Full
Parameter
Reconfigurable
Control Part
FILTE FILTE Part
AMP A|D
R R
Tunable filter or band Adaptive gain-controlled Broadband down- Tunable & selectable
selection RF filter amplifier conversion mixer baseband / IF filter
23. Single/multiple primary operators and
multiple secondary operators managed Operator
Independent
dynamic spectrum access network NRM
Operator
Operator
Dependent
Dependent
NRM
NRM
Operator 1 Operator 2
Network based on
Cognitive Base Station
Cognitive Base Station
Secondary operators use frequency band
and period that primary operators does not Sensing
use by sensing spectrum and link quality
24.
25. Network Management
Cellular Metropolitan Short-Range
Network
reconfiguratio
n
management
3G 4G WiMAX WiMAX II WiFi WiFi NG
(806.16m) (802.11n)
Terminal
Terminal
1900.4
1900.4
DSA-enabled IEEE
Radios 1900.4
Legacy Terminal Terminal
terminal reconfiguratio reconfiguratio
n n
management management
26. RAN Terminal
Context Information Context Information
• RAN radio resource • User preferences
optimisation objectives • Required QoS levels
• RAN radio capabilities • Terminal capabilities
• RAN measurements • Terminal measurements
• RAN transport • Terminal geo-location
capabilities information
• Geo-location-based
terminal measurements
27. NRM: Network TRM: Terminal
Reconfiguration Reconfiguration
Management Management
• Responsible for • Responsible for
managing composite managing the terminal,
wireless network (CWN) within the framework
• Accepting spectrum defined by the NRM, for
assignment policies network-terminal
from Policy block distributed optimisation
• Transmit radio resource of spectrum usage
selection guide to TRM • Accepting radio
resource selection guide
from NRM
28. TRC RAN(1) OSM
RRC
RMC
TRM
RAN(N) NRM
TMC
Terminal Packet Based Core Network
TRM Terminal reconfiguration manager
TRC Terminal reconfiguration controller
TMC Terminal measurement collector
OSM Operator spectrum manager
NRM Network reconfiguration manager
RRC RAN reconfiguration controller
RMC RAN measurement collector
29. TRC Packet Based Core Network
OSM
TRM RAN
Terminal NRM Network reconfiguration,
reconfiguration, RRC decision, and control
decision, and
control RAN RAN
selection selection
Spectrum assignment
Information RMC evaluation
extraction,
collection, and
Policy derivation
storage
Policy efficiency evaluation
TMC
Information extraction,
collection, and storage
Functions related to decision making &
reconfiguration
Functions related to context awareness
30.
31. Assume:
N = number of networks competing
M = number of band
Two networks cannot share a band, because it will suffer the QoS
Any interfering network i in a specific band may choose to ‘stay’ or
‘switch’
Expected cost to find a clear channel:
where
si, s-i strategy chosen by i and by other network
c cost of single switching
f(N,M) function that depicts the varying behavior of the cost with N
and M. For example f(N,M) = NM/(M-N)
33. If i chooses to stay, possibly:
(i) All others will switch, creating clear band for i
(ii) All others might stay, wasting the stage, and repeating the game G
(iii) Some networks will switch, while the rest will stay and creating a
subgame G’
The cost function is:
The optimization problem in this game is to find a mechanism of switching
or staying such that the cost incurred can be minimized and an equilibrium
can be achieved. Assuming all the players (networks) are rational, there
might be a set of strategies with the property that no network can benefit
by changing its strategy unilaterally while the other networks keep their
strategies unchanged (Nash equilibrium).
34. If:
p is the probability to switch and (1-p) is the probability of stay
j is the number of other networks willing to switch
Qj denotes the probability of j networks switching out of other N − 1 networks
Then: the expected costs of i if it chooses to switch or to stay are
35. To find the optimal value, both equations are equated
Using binomial equations etc,
For any values of N and M, p has a nonzero finite value, thus proving the
existence of a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium point.
36. • Average system convergence
cost with 20 competing
cognitive radio (CR) networks.
• With increase in number of
available bands, the
convergence cost decreases.
• The convex nature of the
curves proves that a point of
minima exists for each of the
curve. This minima
corresponds to the Nash
equilibrium strategy (p).
37. • System convergence costs
following mixed strategy
space for a varying
network:band ratio
(50−90%)
• With an increase in the
network : band ratio the
system convergence cost
increases almost
exponentially.
38.
39. PHY
MAC
Network
e Radio
Cognitiv
+
Policy Enforcement Entity
Incentive Entity
Security Module
Coexistence Module
MIMO Topology
Network Coding
Cross-Layer Optimisation
40.
41. Fabrizio Granelli & al. Standardization and Research in Cognitive and
Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks: IEEE SCC41 Efforts and Other
Activities. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2010.
Krzysztof Iniewski (ed). Convergence of Mobile and Stationary Next-
Generation Networks. Wiley, 2010.
Lee Pucker. Review of Contemporary Spectrum Sensing Technologies.
Report for IEEE-SA P1900.6 Standards Group
Min Song & al. Dynamic Spectrum Access: From Cognitive Radio to
Network Radio. IEEE Wireless Communications, February 2012.
Paul Houze & al. IEEE 1900.4 WG: IEEE 1900.4 Standard Overview.
Presentation.
R. Venkatesha Prasad & al, Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation
Wireless Networks: Standardization Efforts. IEEE Communications
Magazine, April 2008.
Soodesh Buljore & al. Architecture and Enablers for Optimized Radio
Resource Usage in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks: The IEEE
1900.4 Working Group. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2009.
42. Telkom Indonesia
Multimedia Division
Senior Service Creation (now)
IEEE
Indonesia Section
Vice Chair (2012)
Comsoc, Indonesia Chapter
Chairman (2009-2011)
Vice Chair (2007-2008)
Internetworking Indonesia Journal
Editor
Contact
Mail / Gtalk kuncoro@telkom.cc
Twitter @kuncoro
Mobile +62-21-3375-8000
