SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  23
Metrics and Social Web Services: Quantitative Evidence for their Use & Impact Surveying Our Landscape From Top To Bottom Brian Kelly UKOLN University of Bath Bath, UK UKOLN is supported by: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/eim-2011-07/ This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 licence (but note caveat) Acceptable Use Policy Recording this talk, taking photos, discussing the talk using Twitter, blogs, etc. is permitted but please try to minimise distractions to others. Twitter: #ukolneim Blog: Twitter: http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/  @briankelly @ukwebfocus
You are free to: copy, share, adapt or re-mix; photograph, film or broadcast; blog, live-blog or post video of this presentation provided that: You attribute the work to its author and respect the rights and licences associated with its components. Idea from Cameron Neylon Slide Concept by Cameron Neylon, who has waived all copyright and related or neighbouring rights. This slide only  CCZero . Social Media Icons adapted with permission from originals by Christopher Ross. Original images are available under GPL at: http://www.thisismyurl.com/free-downloads/15-free-speech-bubble-icons-for-popular-websites   Off the record questions and comments should be flagged Evidence & comments
[object Object]
Twitter: Personal Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Institutional Use of Twitter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Social Media Analytic Summaries ,[object Object],Outliers may be interesting
Peerindex Comparisons (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Peerindex  and Klout group comparisons  for Russell Group Unis available (data used in this talk is available freely for reuse under CC0 licence)
Peerindex Comparisons (2) ,[object Object],[object Object],Do such comparisons tell us anything useful? Example used of four established bloggers / Twitterers
Peerindex For Participants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Scenario 1 :  Research funding determined by flawed metrics but Unis still headhunt researchers with valuable RAE scores Scenario 2 : Social Media metrics flawed but Unis headhunt marketing / outreach people with valuable scores Scenario 3 : “IMAGINE a world in which we are assigned a number that indicates how influential we are. This number would help determine whether you receive a job …It’s  not science fiction. It’s happening to millions”
Slideshare: Personal Use ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Slideshare at Events (1 of 2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Slideshare at Events (2 of 2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This has some positive correlation with experiences of local audience Could this inform selection of speakers in future?
Slideshare: Lessons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slideshare Premium account provides richer statistics (trend analysis?) indicates value of business intelligence for $19/month.
Metrics For Personal Blogs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Metadata for use in comparison with similar blogs Top 3% of all blogs Top 13% of technology blogs Or top 0.2% of all blogs Top 1.3% of technology blogs Or blogs.ouseful.info
Metrics For Personal Blogs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Note usefulness of keywords Why the drop?
Wikio ,[object Object],[object Object],MASHe also ranked highly but not listed as Technology blog (so 4 of top 100 blogs here!) Together with display of trends for ranking, nos. of posts, links and backlinks,  OUseful had peak at #18 in Nov 2008 What happened from Jun-Sep 2010?
Discussion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Facebook Trends in UK HE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Result of decision to be pro-active in Fb marketing? If so, did it provide an ROI?
Facebook ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How would we know if Cardiff‘s 20,035 Likes have provided an ROI?
YouTube Edu ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example of stats available
iTunes Edu ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Blog post analysed how services marketed: “ lots of content ”;  “ free content ”; “ available on iPods ”; …
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions ,[object Object]

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Engagement, Impact, Value: Introduction
Engagement, Impact, Value: Introduction Engagement, Impact, Value: Introduction
Engagement, Impact, Value: Introduction
 
What Does Openness Mean To The Openness Museum Community
What Does Openness Mean To The Openness Museum CommunityWhat Does Openness Mean To The Openness Museum Community
What Does Openness Mean To The Openness Museum Community
 
What Can We Learn From Amplified Events?
What Can We Learn From Amplified Events?What Can We Learn From Amplified Events?
What Can We Learn From Amplified Events?
 
Organisational Use of Twitter
Organisational Use of TwitterOrganisational Use of Twitter
Organisational Use of Twitter
 
Accessibility 2.0: People, Policies and Processes
Accessibility 2.0: People, Policies and ProcessesAccessibility 2.0: People, Policies and Processes
Accessibility 2.0: People, Policies and Processes
 
Metrics for Understanding Personal and Institutional Use of the Social Web
Metrics for Understanding Personal and Institutional Use of the Social WebMetrics for Understanding Personal and Institutional Use of the Social Web
Metrics for Understanding Personal and Institutional Use of the Social Web
 
Engagement, Impact, Value: Measuring and Maximising Impact Using the Social Web
Engagement, Impact, Value: Measuring and Maximising Impact Using the Social WebEngagement, Impact, Value: Measuring and Maximising Impact Using the Social Web
Engagement, Impact, Value: Measuring and Maximising Impact Using the Social Web
 
Welcome to IWMW 2010
Welcome to IWMW 2010Welcome to IWMW 2010
Welcome to IWMW 2010
 
Mobile Technologies: Why Library Staff Should be Interested
Mobile Technologies: Why Library Staff Should be InterestedMobile Technologies: Why Library Staff Should be Interested
Mobile Technologies: Why Library Staff Should be Interested
 
Embedding & Sustaining University 2.0
Embedding & Sustaining University 2.0 Embedding & Sustaining University 2.0
Embedding & Sustaining University 2.0
 
UKWebFocus blog posts
UKWebFocus blog postsUKWebFocus blog posts
UKWebFocus blog posts
 
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
 
Why Impact, ROI and Marketing are No Longer Dirty Words
Why Impact, ROI and Marketing are No Longer Dirty WordsWhy Impact, ROI and Marketing are No Longer Dirty Words
Why Impact, ROI and Marketing are No Longer Dirty Words
 
Blogs, Wikis and more: Web 2.0 demystified for information professionals
Blogs, Wikis and more: Web 2.0 demystified for information professionalsBlogs, Wikis and more: Web 2.0 demystified for information professionals
Blogs, Wikis and more: Web 2.0 demystified for information professionals
 
Demystifying the Social Web
Demystifying the Social WebDemystifying the Social Web
Demystifying the Social Web
 
From Web Accessibility to Web Adaptability
From Web Accessibility to Web AdaptabilityFrom Web Accessibility to Web Adaptability
From Web Accessibility to Web Adaptability
 
Empowering Users and Institutions: A Risks and Opportunities Framework for Ex...
Empowering Users and Institutions: A Risks and Opportunities Framework for Ex...Empowering Users and Institutions: A Risks and Opportunities Framework for Ex...
Empowering Users and Institutions: A Risks and Opportunities Framework for Ex...
 
Monitoring the Impact of Your Strategies
Monitoring the Impact of Your StrategiesMonitoring the Impact of Your Strategies
Monitoring the Impact of Your Strategies
 
What Uses for New Digital Technologies?
What Uses for New Digital Technologies?What Uses for New Digital Technologies?
What Uses for New Digital Technologies?
 
Benefits of the Social Web: How Can It Help My Museum?
Benefits of the Social Web: How Can It Help My Museum?Benefits of the Social Web: How Can It Help My Museum?
Benefits of the Social Web: How Can It Help My Museum?
 

Similaire à Surveying Our Landscape From Top to Bottom

WillsSocialMedia
WillsSocialMediaWillsSocialMedia
WillsSocialMedia
RussellWill
 
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format][MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
webhostingguy
 
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format][MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
webhostingguy
 

Similaire à Surveying Our Landscape From Top to Bottom (20)

Tiecon5
Tiecon5Tiecon5
Tiecon5
 
Building (and Sustaining) Impact for your Web Resource
Building (and Sustaining) Impact for your Web Resource Building (and Sustaining) Impact for your Web Resource
Building (and Sustaining) Impact for your Web Resource
 
Customer Traction
Customer TractionCustomer Traction
Customer Traction
 
Social Media: What's In It For You?
Social Media: What's In It For You?Social Media: What's In It For You?
Social Media: What's In It For You?
 
Realising Potential Of Web 2 0
Realising Potential Of Web 2 0Realising Potential Of Web 2 0
Realising Potential Of Web 2 0
 
Yahoo! Engagement Study
Yahoo! Engagement StudyYahoo! Engagement Study
Yahoo! Engagement Study
 
What if Web 2.0 Really Does Change Everything?
What if Web 2.0 Really Does Change Everything?What if Web 2.0 Really Does Change Everything?
What if Web 2.0 Really Does Change Everything?
 
WillsSocialMedia
WillsSocialMediaWillsSocialMedia
WillsSocialMedia
 
Community Led Activities
Community Led ActivitiesCommunity Led Activities
Community Led Activities
 
"Pimp Up Your Stuff!": How To Exploit The Social Web
"Pimp Up Your Stuff!": How To Exploit The Social Web"Pimp Up Your Stuff!": How To Exploit The Social Web
"Pimp Up Your Stuff!": How To Exploit The Social Web
 
Blogs at University of Wales, Newport
Blogs at University of Wales, NewportBlogs at University of Wales, Newport
Blogs at University of Wales, Newport
 
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format][MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
 
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format][MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
[MS PowerPoint 97/2000 format]
 
How to Measure DevRel's Perfomances: From Community to Business - Channy Yun ...
How to Measure DevRel's Perfomances: From Community to Business - Channy Yun ...How to Measure DevRel's Perfomances: From Community to Business - Channy Yun ...
How to Measure DevRel's Perfomances: From Community to Business - Channy Yun ...
 
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
The 'Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World' Report: Implications For IT Service...
 
Exploiting The Potential Of Blogs and Social Networks Introduction
Exploiting The Potential Of Blogs and Social Networks Introduction Exploiting The Potential Of Blogs and Social Networks Introduction
Exploiting The Potential Of Blogs and Social Networks Introduction
 
ASTD Leadership Presentation
ASTD Leadership PresentationASTD Leadership Presentation
ASTD Leadership Presentation
 
The Future for Educational Resource Repositories in a Web 2.0 World
The Future for Educational Resource Repositories in a Web 2.0 WorldThe Future for Educational Resource Repositories in a Web 2.0 World
The Future for Educational Resource Repositories in a Web 2.0 World
 
Conversation Marketing: New Media Communication Strategy
Conversation Marketing: New Media Communication StrategyConversation Marketing: New Media Communication Strategy
Conversation Marketing: New Media Communication Strategy
 
The Use of the Social Web in Scholarly Communication
The Use of the Social Web in Scholarly CommunicationThe Use of the Social Web in Scholarly Communication
The Use of the Social Web in Scholarly Communication
 

Plus de lisbk

Plus de lisbk (20)

Introduction to Cloud Storage
Introduction to Cloud StorageIntroduction to Cloud Storage
Introduction to Cloud Storage
 
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 6
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 6Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 6
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 6
 
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 3
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 3Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 3
Wyld Morris: Zoom summary for mtg 3
 
Predicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning Technologies
Predicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning TechnologiesPredicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning Technologies
Predicting and Preparing For Emerging Learning Technologies
 
Web Preservation, or Managing your Organisation’s Online Presence After the O...
Web Preservation, or Managing your Organisation’s Online Presence After the O...Web Preservation, or Managing your Organisation’s Online Presence After the O...
Web Preservation, or Managing your Organisation’s Online Presence After the O...
 
G1 Conclusions
G1 ConclusionsG1 Conclusions
G1 Conclusions
 
F1 Making the Case
F1 Making the CaseF1 Making the Case
F1 Making the Case
 
E1 Scenario Planning
E1 Scenario PlanningE1 Scenario Planning
E1 Scenario Planning
 
D1: The NMC Methodology
D1: The NMC MethodologyD1: The NMC Methodology
D1: The NMC Methodology
 
C1: Future Technology Detecting Tools & Techniques
C1: Future Technology Detecting Tools & TechniquesC1: Future Technology Detecting Tools & Techniques
C1: Future Technology Detecting Tools & Techniques
 
B1: Exploring emerging technologies
B1: Exploring emerging technologiesB1: Exploring emerging technologies
B1: Exploring emerging technologies
 
Preparing for the Future: Technological Challenges and Beyond A1 Introduction
Preparing for the Future: Technological Challenges and Beyond A1 IntroductionPreparing for the Future: Technological Challenges and Beyond A1 Introduction
Preparing for the Future: Technological Challenges and Beyond A1 Introduction
 
Digital Life Beyond The Institution
Digital Life Beyond The InstitutionDigital Life Beyond The Institution
Digital Life Beyond The Institution
 
Developing an Ethical Approach to Using Wikipedia as the Front Matter to all ...
Developing an Ethical Approach to Using Wikipedia as the Front Matter to all ...Developing an Ethical Approach to Using Wikipedia as the Front Matter to all ...
Developing an Ethical Approach to Using Wikipedia as the Front Matter to all ...
 
The Agile University
The Agile UniversityThe Agile University
The Agile University
 
Welcome to IWMW 2015
Welcome to IWMW 2015Welcome to IWMW 2015
Welcome to IWMW 2015
 
BS 8878: Systematic Approaches to Documenting Web Accessibility Policies and ...
BS 8878: Systematic Approaches to Documenting Web Accessibility Policies and ...BS 8878: Systematic Approaches to Documenting Web Accessibility Policies and ...
BS 8878: Systematic Approaches to Documenting Web Accessibility Policies and ...
 
Why and how librarians should engage with Wikipedia
Why and how librarians should engage with WikipediaWhy and how librarians should engage with Wikipedia
Why and how librarians should engage with Wikipedia
 
Working with Wikimedia Serbia
Working with Wikimedia SerbiaWorking with Wikimedia Serbia
Working with Wikimedia Serbia
 
Major Technology Trends that will Impact Library Services?
Major Technology Trends that will Impact Library Services?Major Technology Trends that will Impact Library Services?
Major Technology Trends that will Impact Library Services?
 

Dernier

Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
ciinovamais
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
kauryashika82
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
ZurliaSoop
 
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptxSeal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
negromaestrong
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
QucHHunhnh
 

Dernier (20)

Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptxAsian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
 
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdfMicro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptxUnit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
 
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
Spatium Project Simulation student brief
Spatium Project Simulation student briefSpatium Project Simulation student brief
Spatium Project Simulation student brief
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdfFood safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptxSeal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
 
Third Battle of Panipat detailed notes.pptx
Third Battle of Panipat detailed notes.pptxThird Battle of Panipat detailed notes.pptx
Third Battle of Panipat detailed notes.pptx
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 

Surveying Our Landscape From Top to Bottom

  • 1. Metrics and Social Web Services: Quantitative Evidence for their Use & Impact Surveying Our Landscape From Top To Bottom Brian Kelly UKOLN University of Bath Bath, UK UKOLN is supported by: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/eim-2011-07/ This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 licence (but note caveat) Acceptable Use Policy Recording this talk, taking photos, discussing the talk using Twitter, blogs, etc. is permitted but please try to minimise distractions to others. Twitter: #ukolneim Blog: Twitter: http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/ @briankelly @ukwebfocus
  • 2. You are free to: copy, share, adapt or re-mix; photograph, film or broadcast; blog, live-blog or post video of this presentation provided that: You attribute the work to its author and respect the rights and licences associated with its components. Idea from Cameron Neylon Slide Concept by Cameron Neylon, who has waived all copyright and related or neighbouring rights. This slide only CCZero . Social Media Icons adapted with permission from originals by Christopher Ross. Original images are available under GPL at: http://www.thisismyurl.com/free-downloads/15-free-speech-bubble-icons-for-popular-websites Off the record questions and comments should be flagged Evidence & comments
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.