1. Development & Health

3. Two Main Groups of Indicators Economic (Traditional) Social & Human (Modern) Measure wealth and levels of industrialisation Indicate quality of life: Health, Diet, Education

5. Economic indicators Gross National Product (GNP) This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country and services earned abroad in one year. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country in a year. GNP/GDP $ per capita = Per person % People employed in agriculture A country where most people work in agriculture has very little industry. This means the wealth of the country is limited Energy per person(tonnes of oil equivelent per person) The energy used in a country divided by the number of people in that country. Countries with a higher standard of living and industries will use more energy.

6. The world divided by Gross Domestic product Notice how America and Europe dominate this map, along with Japan (yes – that huge dark-green island on the right really is Japan), while Africa dwindles almost to invisibility.

8. Social indicators Death rate The number of people who die for every 1000 people who live in the country. Adult literacy The number of adults who can read in every 1000 of the population Calories per person The average number of calories consumed by each person per day. Life expectancy The number of years on average that people live. Other indicators include: - Protein per person per day - Population per doctor - Infant mortality

9. The world divided by child mortality Notice how the African continent becomes inflated while the USA shrinks.

10. It is important to remember that although a statistic such as GNP/capita or Life expectancy in years will suggest certain things about conditions in a country, the figures are just statistics and do not always give a true representation of standard of living or quality of life within a particular country. The statistics are simply indicators.

12. Using your textbook pg 145-147, detail 5 criticisms that might be used against using economic indicators such as GNP per capital (US$)

14. Development Indicators Decisions on levels of development should be based on a number of indicators used together rather than individual indicators such as GNP. The use of single indicators can be misleading since the data is based on averages and these do not reveal the whole situation. For example, average per capita income or GDP per capita for Saudi Arabia may seem high and suggest a high level of development but income distribution is very unequal, varying from extremely high to very low. Similarly GNP may indicate a high level but be based on a single commodity such as oil. Taken together to produce combined indices such as the “Physical Quality of Life Index” (PQLI) or the Human Development Index (HDI), this gives a much more accurate picture of the stage of development of any given country.

15. Good indicators We have already looked at why life expectancy is a “good” indicator, let’s look at Adult Literacy Rates. This is another good indicator because it tells you the proportion of adults who can read or write in a country, but again it suggests a lot of other things:- Where Adult Literacy is high it suggests that schools and teachers are available to the vast majority of the population and that children are encouraged to attend. It also suggests that the education system is a secondary or tertiary system to have trained teachers available. It also suggest that the country has the money to invest in education and if people have high literacy levels then they will be able to work in secondary or tertiary industry which is better paid. If on the other hand literacy levels are low it implies that the country does not have the income to spend on education for everyone or that children do not attend school because they have farm work or household chores to do instead i.e. a subsistence economy. A low level also suggest people will be working mainly in lower paid primary jobs often at subsistence level.

18. Composite Indicators It is generally accepted that individual indicators are of limited value. Individual social indicators are “average” figures and conceal large variations within/between countries. A country with an above average calorific intake indicator may have well-fed people, but this does not tell us much about their overall health, education or wealth or social freedom. For that reason it is possible to group together indicators. e.g. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) uses life expectancy, literacy rates & infant mortality rate. (This gives a number from 0- 100 A PQLI of over 77 is consider good) HDI: Wealth, Health & Education: Combined indicators which produce an index between 0-1. A number of 0.8 is considered developed! Composite figures rely on a number of valid indicators. They tend to balance out some wide variations

20. Human Development Index: This is a combination of social and economic factors: - Life expectancy - Cost of living - Adult literacy - School enrolment - GNP per capita This produces an index from 0 – 1. A number of 0.8 or above is considered developed. See map on following slide illustrating development levels using HDI. (some indicators may be substituted)

21. Human Development Index values.

23. There is a link between economic indicators (e.g. GDP) and the composite indicators (PQLI). Countries such as Canada, Norway, the USA and UK will be highly placed in all lists. Such countries use their wealth to provide high levels of education and health care. The opposite is also generally true. That is countries with a low GDP do not have the money to invest in health/education/ infrastructure and have low PQLIs. Some countries do not follow these patterns, e.g. oil rich Arab states (e.g. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) with high GDPs (exporting oil) but lower PQLIs. Or Sri Lanka, China or Costa Rica, with lower GDP but have higher PQLI (such money that there is, is spent on education and health)

24. DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH PQLI is shown at the side. It has only a few differences from the HDI, shown below.

29. Countries considered NICs as of 2007 Pg 150 - NICs

32. A few reasons for different levels of development between ELDCs NIC’s Exploitable Resources (oil, diamonds, tourism) Political Instability / Civil Wars Land Locked / Lack of resources/ Natural Disasters/Climate/Disease e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.

34. Ethiopia for example suffers large-scale droughts as a result of its location in the Sahel belt of Africa. Severe and long lasting droughts have affected it in the recent past, leading to failure of crops, death of animals and famine. Starving subsistence farmers were forced off the land due to increasing desertification. Malnutrition and severely reduced working capacity ensued. Lack of investment in agriculture and the difficult climate means that little agricultural produce can be exported to bring income. 4. In other areas civil war and other forms of political instability have prevented development… Sudan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan 5. In some parts of the developing world land-locked countries are less developed than those with a coastal location where trade is easier.

35. Task: Booklets page 10&11

36. Remember: The indicators are average figures, and there are wealthy groups within both societies as well as poorer groups. The urban areas tend to be better off than the rural areas. Remote areas do not have the same access as the “core” to water supplies, sanitation, education, health, international aid and power

37. Differences in Development Within a country Case Study: Nigeria

42. Polychromatic Rendering Time! Map 2: Secondary Education in Nigeria

44. 2002 Q6b With reference to countries of the Developing World with which you are familiar, describe and suggest reasons for the differences in the provision of social services (i.e. health, water & sanitation) between urban and rural areas. 10 marks

46. Page 6: Measuring Development: use SG geog book Other measures of Development :Core Themes Human p142&143 Page 9: HDI - League Table Applications pg 149 Q1& 3 Pg 150 – NICs Photographs/ make poverty history video/ N/S divide Handouts etc in folder on shared

47. Health

48. Health Levels of health and the incidence of disease are major indicators of development. Many diseases are linked to the environment, whether it be the physical environment, social/human conditions or to the general lifestyle. A summary of the basics The health of an individual is related to hereditary and biological factors, environmental features as well as social and human conditions. There are links between certain diseases and population distribution, density and wealth. Disease (or morbidity as it is known in medical statistics) obviously affects death rates and life expectancy. A country with low health care provision is unlikely to have a firm base for economic growth and development.

50. A summary of factors influencing poor health Human & Social Factors Physical factors linked to high death rate and mortality Poverty (unable to afford health care) A climate liable to suffer from drought / flooding, leading to crop failure, leading to famine. Poor living conditions (e.g. shanty towns) Presence of endemic disease Lack of sanitation and access to clean water Remoteness e.g. difficult terrain such as mountains can make health care provision difficult. Insufficient health care support, hospitals, drugs Hot/wet conditions can provide ideal conditions for insects to transmit disease. Low public awareness, poor education, and poor hygiene Famine/War/Crop failure

51. With reference to countries in the ELDCs with which you are familiar, describe and suggest reasons for the differences in the provision of social services between rural and urban areas. (10 marks)

53. Health care must vary accordingly. For example, endogenous disease treatment or prevention can best be tackled by education and by changing lifestyles, as well as by expensive use of drugs, doctors and hospitals. Endogenous diseases can be linked to environmental factors, by poverty and everything that goes with poverty (poor education, health care and unsafe living conditions). Generally speaking, for the vast majority of countries around the world, people are living longer, death rates are dropping and infant mortality is falling. We seem to be doing something right. However there are massive differences between the EMDCs and the ELDCs

54. The fight to combat disease and protect people in the UK 1. Environmental Health Measures (water supplies, sewage, public health inspectors 2. Integrated National Health Service: GPs. Specialists, hospitals, dental service 3. Social Securing Services – To ensure illnesses need not result in poverty. Sickness & disability allowances. 4. General Health Education 5. Protection from national & international infections. Points of entry into country controlled to check that international regulations are not contravened. Describe what you see. Why would this not suit a poorer country such as Somalia or Mozambique? Young Pregnant Elderly Immunisations and vaccination, School health visits Ante and post natal clinics, health visitors, maternity hospitals Home help provision, Health visitors, Geriatric special hospitals General Population Measures

59. In general, these schemes have been very successful. They involve local people who are known and can be trusted. They are most effective in rural areas that are often remote and isolated, with limited existing educational and medical support. However too few health workers have been trained to meet the needs of the most troubled communities. There always remains a lack of funding and a lack of volunteers. The early successes have been hit by war, economic depression and natural disasters such as famine or earthquake.