2. MECHANISM OF WOUND PRODUCTION
Force / Energy required for
production of a wound is transferred
to the tissue as a result of impact
between propelling force and counter
force.
3.
4. PROPELLING FORCE:
Movement of object / weapon
Movement of the body
Combination of above
COUNTER FORCE:
Inertia of the body
Object against which body strikes
5. Energy transmitted to the body as a
result of impact is used in:
1. Causing the body to move as a whole
2. Causing the non-uniform motion of the
localized tissues.
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Compression strains Traction strains
Displacement &
deformation in shape
Traction strains FRACTURES/RUPTURES
6. IMPORTANT
Rate of transfer of energy
Define the extent of wound
(“It is per unit transfer of energy /unit area/sec”)
7.
8.
9. FACTORS GOVERNING THE EXTENT AND
NATURE OF WOUND
1) Amount of energy discharged during
impact
2) Nature of the object causing wound /
Weapon
Type of weapon
Mechanical Force (Direct & Indirect)
3) Weight & velocity of weapon (1/2 mv2)
4) Architecture of tissue
5) Resistance of the tissue
6) Movement of the part struck
7) Time period over which energy is
discharged
13. BRUISE OR CONTUSION
“It is an extravasation of blood into
the tissue due to application of blunt
force”.
Damage may not be so evident
macroscopically but may be
appreciated microscopically.
14. Mechanism of Production:
Sudden pressure to the tissue due to
impact.
Clinical Manifestations:
● Pain ● Redness ● Swelling
● Epidermis may not show any damage.
APPEARANCE:
Shape may or may not correspond the
shape of the weapon.
15.
16. FACTORS CONTROLLING
APPEARANCE OF BRUISE
A) Type of Tissue:
More lax tissue- easier for blood to spread-
extravasations may move along tissue line
(Between muscle bundles) under gravity influence
(GRAVITY SHIFTING).
17. B) Color of Skin:
Visibility is better/clear in fair persons.
C) Age:
Children and aged bruise easily.
D) Natural Diseases:
Coagulation factor’s deficiencies – disease
of blood vessels – diminished platelets.
E) Vascularity of the Part:
Bruising directly proportional to Vascularity.
F) Sex:
Female especially obese bruise easily.
18. MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF BRUISE
1) It is evidence of application of blunt force.
2) Helps in identification of weapon.
3) Indicates degree of violence.
4) Tells time of infliction of injury.
19. ESTIMATION OF AGE OF BRUISE
There are two methods
i. From colour changes
Due to action of tissue enzyme on the
extravasated blood.
ii. Histologically
20. COLOUR CHANGES
Fresh: is “RED” – due to oxygenated Hb.
After 12 hours: “BLUE” due to deoxygenated Hb.
1-2 days: “BLACKISH BLUE OR BROWN”- due to
Haemosiderin.
After 3 days: “GREENISH” due to Haemotoidin.
After 7 days: “YELLOWISH” due to Bilirubin.
After 2 weeks: Complete disappearance.
More is the depth & severity of the bruise
longer is the time of complete disappearance.
23. ABRASION
These are superficial injuries involving only
outer layer of skin and do not penetrate the
full
thickness of skin.
Mechanism of Production:
Pressure & movement over the skin with a
hard
object.
This mechanics results into:
1. Moving Abrasion 2. Friction Abrasion
3. Imprint Abrasion
27. SCRATCH
It is due to pointed object passing across the skin,
moving the surface layer in front of it. It causes
heaping up of epithelium & indicates the direction
of force. It also indicates the object which has
caused it e.g. marks of the finger nail are
Crescentic.
32. FRICTION ABRASION
It is caused by pressure upon the skin
accompanied by movement e.g. Ligature
mark by a rope in hanging or
strangulation and lashes with a whip.
34. IMPRINT ABRASION
Also called “Patterned Abrasion” In this abrasion
pattern of impacting object is stamped on the
body when the force is applied at or near at a
right angle to the skin surface e.g. when motor
tyre passes over the skin or there is impact of
design of motor vehicle radiator on the skin.
36. AGE OF ABRASION
Fresh Abrasion: is bright in color lymph or blood is oozing.
Scab Formation: Occur within 24 hours
Reddish Brown: Within 2-3 days
Shedding of the scab and re-epithelization:
Within one week
Complete Healing: Within two weeks.
37. MEDICO LEGAL IMPORTANC
1) May indicate severe internal injury.
2) Gives nature of object causing it.
3) Tells direction of force.
4) Gives timing of injury.
5) Indicates manner of infliction.
38. LACERATION
It is a tear or breach in the tissue caused by a blunt
force e.g. Blows from blunt objects, falls or
impact from vehicles.
Mechanisms of Production:
1) Crushing of tissues between two hard objects.
2) Over stretching of tissue.
3) Grinding compression by weight.
39.
40. TYPES OF LACERATION
Split Laceration : Produced due to sudden
compression between two hard objects i.e.
weapon & underlying bone on areas like scalp,
chin, eyebrow etc.
47. FEATURES
1) Breach of tissue.
2) External haemorrhage minimal.
3) Bruising of the edges and
surrounding tissue.
4) Elements such as hair or denudation
of hair present in the wound.
5) Crushing of hair bulbs
48. STRETCH LACERATION
Breach of the skin is due to over
stretching slightly away from the
point of contract – more seen in
industry/vehicular accidents when
parts of the body get trapped or when
a bone is bent and broken and there is
traction strain over skin.
51. FEATURES
1) Breach of skin / soft tissue.
2) External haemorrhage.
3) Irregular edges.
4) Flapping of skin in the direction of stretch.
5) Bruising at the point of pressure, not edges.
52. LACERATION BECAUSE OF
GRINDING COMPRESSION BY WEIGHT
Localized pressure by heavy weight
causes tear and separation of the
skin from underlying tissues –
underlying tissue is crushed / minced
e.g. passing a vehicular wheel over a
limb.