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CHROMIUM
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POISINDEX Managements

OVERVIEW

LIFE SUPPORT

A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been
instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS

0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

A) Chromium metal is considered to be relatively nontoxic. Also, there is
little evidence of substantial toxicity from chromic (chromium III) or
chromous (chromium II) salts, probably because of poor penetration of skin
and mucous membranes. Chromium is an essential nutrient that is
necessary for normal glucose tolerance.
0.2.4) HEENT

A) Chromium particles can cause eye irritation.
0.2.6) RESPIRATORY

A) Pulmonary fibrosis and bronchial asthma may occur.
0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC

A) Non-healing dermatitis and cutaneous granuloma have occurred in
patients treated with orthopedic internal fixation devices, containing
chromium and other metals.
0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC

A) No evidence for an association between the use of chromium in dental
materials and chromate allergy has been found.
0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE

A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential
effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY

A) ACGIH has has classified metallic chromium as A4 (not classifiable as a
human carcinogen).
B) There is no evidence that exposure to trivalent chromium salts causes
cancer in man. Soluble hexavalent chromates are considered human
carcinogens, and insoluble chromates such as stainless steel welding fumes
have been linked with increased risk for human lung cancer.

LABORATORY/MONITORING

A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic
system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and
liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant
exposure.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW

0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE

A) OVERVIEW

1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

RANGE OF TOXICITY

A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Alloy steel plant workers exposed to 0.61 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for an average of
7 years were found to have normal levels of urinary proteins and enzymes.

SUBSTANCES INCLUDED/SYNONYMS

THERAPEUTIC/TOXIC CLASS

A) Chromium is a metallic transition element found in nature as chromite.
Chromite ore is reduced with aluminum, carbon, or silicon and then purified
to make chromium metal.

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES

A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements

1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
1) Cr (Element)

AVAILABLE FORMS/SOURCES

A) FORMS

1) Chromium is a lustrous, steel-gray metal (Budavari, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
2) Chromium metal is brittle, hard, lustrous, and odorless. It is blue-white to
steel gray in color (Ashford, 1994; NIOSH , 2002).
3) Chromium metal is difficult to work with. At low temperatures it is brittle.
Using it in casts requires melting which requires very high temperatures
(Bingham et al, 2001).
4) Chromium is a brittle, hard, semigray metal. Its name was derived from
the Greek word for color (Lewis, 1997).
5) Metallic chromium can be purchased as granules, lumps, and powder.
Chromium powder and crystals can be as high as 99.97% pure (Lewis,
1997).
6) Aluminothermic, ductile, and electrolytic chromium are available in the

United States (HSDB , 2002).
7) Chromium metals and alloys, including chromium metal, stainless steels,
and other chromium-containing alloys, generally have a low order of toxicity
compared to other valence forms (ACGIH, 1991). Chromium has 4 common
isotopes: Cr(50), Cr(52), Cr(53), and Cr(54) (Kirk-Othmer, 1992).
B) SOURCES

1) Elemental chromium does not occur naturally (ATSDR, 1993).
2) Chromite ore is reduced with aluminum, carbon, or silicon and then
purified to make chromium metal. However, chromite ore is no longer mined
in the United States. It is imported from South Africa, Turkey, and Zimbabwe
(ATSDR, 1993).
3) Chromium exists naturally in the atmosphere as a result of continental
dust flux, and volcanic dust and gas flux (ATSDR, 1993).
4) Man releases chromium into the atmosphere by burning natural gas, coal,
oil, municipal wastes, and sewage sludge. Fugitive emissions from road
dusts, wear and tear of asbestos brake linings, and vehicle catalytic
converters are additional sources of atmospheric chromium (ATSDR, 1993).
5) Chromium is a metallic transition element found in nature as chromite
(Lewis, 1998).
6) Chromium metal is made using a reduction process involving aluminum
and chromium oxides. The Symplex process, involving chromium oxide and
metallurgical coke may also be used. A third process, called the Elkem
process, uses ferrochrome, sulfuric acid, and ammonium sulfate (Ashford,
1994).
7) Metallic chromium has been detected in cigarette smoke. The amount of
chromium found depends on the soil conditions where the tobacco was
grown and proximity of tobacco farms to refineries (Clayton & Clayton,
1993).
8) Chromium metal does not occur naturally. However, it can be derived
from chromite, a chromium ore. In the Earth's crust the chromium
concentration is 0.1 to 0.3 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001).
9) Chromium's abundance in the earth's crust ranges from 100 to 300 ppm
(Budavari, 1996).
10) Chromium is typically found in concentrations of 5.0 to 3000 ppm in
native soil. Its lowest native soil concentration is approximately 0.5 ppm and
its highest is 10,000 ppm (Dragun, 1988).
11) Groundwater typically contains less than 1.0 to 5.0 ppm of chromium
(Dragun, 1988).
12) Elemental chromium is not found naturally. It can be derived from spinel
ore, chromite, or ferrous chromite, all of which are widely distributed across
the earth's surface (ILO, 1998).
13) Chromium metal can be made from chromium oxide (ILO, 1998).
14) Chromium metal can be made by reducing chromite directly, by using
finely divided aluminum or carbon to reduce chromium oxide, and by
electrolysis of chromium solutions (Lewis, 1997).
C) USES

1) Chromium is used to make stainless steel, alloy cast iron, nonferrous
alloys, among other miscellaneous materials. It is also used in heat resistant

bricks that line high temperature industrial furnaces (Budavari, 2000)
2) Pure chromium is used mainly in equipment electroplating processes,
including manufacture of automobile parts and electric equipment. It may
also be combined with cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, niobium, titanium, and
other metals to make alloys (ILO, 1998).
3) Pure chromium metal is used in creep resistant, high temperature alloys.
It is also used as a refractory oxide, and in magnetite and magnetite-
chromate refractory compositions (ILO, 1998).
4) Electroplating metals with chromium adds hardness and corrosion
resistance (Lewis, 1998).
5) Chromium metal is used to increase the durability and corrosion
resistance of metals. It is also used for chrome plating (Sittig, 1991).
6) Chromium metal is used to make alloys, such as cobalt-chromium stellite,
cobalt-chromium tungsten, and nickel chromium. In turn, these are used to
make extrusion dies, turbine blades, valve seats, cemented carbide cutting
tools, jet engine parts, and electrical heating elements (Ashford, 1994).
7) Chromium is used in nuclear and high-temperature research (Lewis,
1997).
8) Chromium is used widely in chrome-steel, chrome-nickel-steel (stainless
steel), cobalt-chromium stellite, and cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloys, and in
chrome plating for greatly increasing the corrosion resistance and durability
of metals. It is also used over plastic substrates and automotive accessories
as a protective corrosion-resistant coating (Budavari, 2000; Ashford, 1994;
Lewis, 1993).
9) Metal surface treatments and corrosion controls account for 25 percent of
its use (Zenz, 1994).
10) It is used in the leather tanning and textile industries, in refractory
products, in photographic fixing baths, in industrial water treatment systems,
in catalysts for halogenation, alkylation, and catalytic cracking of
hydrocarbons, in fuel and propellant additives, in ceramics, in toners for
copiers, in magnetic tapes, and as a chemical intermediate (Bingham et al,
2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002).

CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

A) Chromium metal is considered to be relatively nontoxic. Also, there is
little evidence of substantial toxicity from chromic (chromium III) or
chromous (chromium II) salts, probably because of poor penetration of skin
and mucous membranes. Chromium is an essential nutrient that is
necessary for normal glucose tolerance.

HEENT

3.4.1) SUMMARY

A) Chromium particles can cause eye irritation.
3.4.3) EYES

A) Chromium particles can cause eye irritation (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY

3.6.1) SUMMARY

A) Pulmonary fibrosis and bronchial asthma may occur.
3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS

A) FIBROSIS OF LUNG

1) PNEUMOCONIOSIS - Spotty, moderately severe non-nodular
pneumoconiosis has been described (Taylor & Davies, 1977).
2) Inhalation has an irritant effect in the lower respiratory tract and may
result in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (Dingle, 1992).

DERMATOLOGIC

3.14.1) SUMMARY

A) Non-healing dermatitis and cutaneous granuloma have occurred in
chromium and other metals.

A) IMMUNE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

1) Non-healing dermatitis and cutaneous granuloma have occurred in
chromium and other metals. These lesions resolved only after removal of
the prostheses (Macias & Palacios, 1986; Rostoker et al, 1987; Thomas et
al, 1987).
B) CHEMICAL BURN

1) Systemic symptoms and death have occurred after external burns, with a
delay of onset of GI symptoms of hours or days. Burns initially resemble first
and second degree burns, but extend to subcutaneous tissue within a
couple of days (Kelly et al, 1982; Schiffl et al, 1982).

MUSCULOSKELETAL


A) INCREASED MUSCLE TONE

1) Muscle cramps may be noted (Wang et al, 1985).

IMMUNOLOGIC

3.19.1) SUMMARY

A) No evidence for an association between the use of chromium in dental
materials and chromate allergy has been found.

A) IMMUNE SYSTEM FINDING

1) LACK OF EFFECT

a) DENTAL MATERIALS - No evidence for an association between the use
of chromium in dental materials and chromate allergy has been found
(Yontchev et al, 1986; Burrows, 1986).

REPRODUCTIVE

3.20.1) SUMMARY

A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential
effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY

A) ANIMAL STUDIES

1) Injected chromium trioxide caused birth defects and resorptions in
hamsters (Gale, 1974; Gale & Bunch, 1979). Chromium chloride and
trioxide were teratogenic in mice (Iijima, 1975; Iijima, 1979). Sodium
dichromate was mildly teratogenic in chickens (Ridgway & Karnofsky, 1952).
3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY

A) ANIMAL STUDIES

1) Transplacental transfer of chromium chloride has been shown in mice
(Friberg et al, 1986), and chromium levels in the human fetus are ten times
those found in adults (HSDB , 2002). The embryonic and fetal uptake of
chromate was ten times greater than that of trivalent chromium in rats
(Friberg et al, 1986).

CARCINOGENICITY

3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY

A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-47-3 (IARC Working Group
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC Working
Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC
Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010;
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,
2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans, 2008; IARC, 2004):

1) IARC Classification

a) Listed as: Chromium, metallic
b) Carcinogen Rating: 3

1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for
agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of
carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in
experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in
experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong
evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances
that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
2) IARC Classification

a) Listed as: Chromium VI compounds
b) Carcinogen Rating: 1

1) The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure
circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This
category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category
when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there
is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong
evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a
relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN

A) ACGIH has has classified metallic chromium as A4 (not classifiable as a
human carcinogen).
B) There is no evidence that exposure to trivalent chromium salts causes
cancer in man. Soluble hexavalent chromates are considered human
carcinogens, and insoluble chromates such as stainless steel welding fumes
have been linked with increased risk for human lung cancer.
3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES

A) LUNG CANCER

1) Increased incidence of LUNG CANCER among workers in the
manufacture of chrome pigments has been reported in Germany, Norway,
Canada, and the United States (ACGIH, 1996a; (HSDB , 2002). Exposures
were generally mixed, involving both trivalent and hexavalent chromium
compounds. Relative risk for lung cancer has been in the range of 3- to 50-
fold, with a latent period of as much as 36 years (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
An increased incidence of lung cancer was reported in a study of workers
exposed to chromium while working in the ferrochromium industry in
Slovakia. No significant effect from smoking was found in this study
(Halasova et al, 2005).

2) In a retrospective mortality study of employees at the largest chromate
manufacturing site in the USA, a subgroup with previous high-level
exposure at another older site had an elevated risk of cancer (odds ratio =
1.22 for each 3 years of high-level exposure). Employees who had worked
exclusively at the newer facility did not have an increased incidence of
cancer deaths (Pastides et al, 1994).
3) Risk of lung cancer mortality for former chromate production workers was
elevated, and increased with increasing duration of employment and latency
since first employment. The risk was still elevated more than 20 years after
last exposure. Cancer deaths of the nasal cavity/sinus were also increased.
This study did not have information on smoking habits, but absence of other
smoking-related diseases points to a lack of smoking effect (Rosenman &
Stanbury, 1996).
B) ORAL CANCER

1) Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds may be a risk factor for
squamous cell cancer of the tongue (Tisch & Maier, 1996).
C) LYMPHOMA

1) Two cases of Hodgkin's disease were found in a small population with
high environmental exposure to chromium, making an observed risk of 65 to
92 times that for non-exposed populations. This may be a chance
occurrence, but is worthy of further investigation (Bick et al, 1996).
D) CARCINOMA

1) The solubility of chromium compounds has some influence on
carcinogenicity (Lee & Goh, 1988; Levy et al, 1987) Petrille & de Flora,
1987; US Dept of Health Education & Welfare, 1975).

GENOTOXICITY

A) Trivalent chromium compounds have generally not been genotoxic
unless purified DNA is exposed directly to the test substance. Hexavalent
chromium compounds have been mutagenic in bacteria, have caused
chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells, and have been associated
with increased frequencies of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes from
chromate production workers.

LABORATORY/MONITORING

MONITORING PARAMETERS/LEVELS

4.1.1) SUMMARY

exposure.

TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

MONITORING

exposure.

ORAL EXPOSURE

6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL

A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

1) DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING - Spontaneous emesis and caustic burns
may occur if a toxic dose has been ingested.
B) DILUTION -

1) DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 milliliters) of
water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces or 120 milliliters in a child).
2) The patient should take nothing by mouth following initial dilution until
medical/surgical evaluation is complete.
C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

1) Activated charcoal has not been evaluated in chromate poisoning.
Activated charcoal may induce vomiting and obscure endoscopy findings; it
is not recommended.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

6.9.2) TREATMENT

A) SUPPORT

1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

RANGE OF TOXICITY

SUMMARY

A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Alloy steel plant workers exposed to 0.61 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for an average of
7 years were found to have normal levels of urinary proteins and enzymes.

THERAPEUTIC DOSE

7.2.1) ADULT

A) GENERAL/SUMMARY

1) Although the role of chromium as an essential nutrient in humans is not
fully delineated, the estimated requirement for chromium in humans is about
1 microgram/day (Clinical Nutrition Cases, 1988).
2) Chromium is important in glucose and lipid metabolism, and chromium
deficiency may be one factor associated with the development of
atherosclerosis (Schroeder et al, 1970).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

A) GENERAL/SUMMARY

1) Alloy steel plant workers exposed to 0.61 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for an average
of 7 years were found to have normal levels of urinary proteins and
enzymes (ATSDR, 1993).
2) Chromium metal does not cause allergic contact dermatitis, chrome
ulcers, or nasal septal perforation (Hathaway et al, 1996).
3) Metallic chromium has low toxicity. A nodular type of pulmonary disease
occurred in workers exposed to an airborne concentration of 0.26 mg/m(3)
of chromium from ferrochrome alloys, but the effects could not be attributed
to chromium exposure alone (Hathaway et al, 1996).
4) Levels of 12 different chromium aerosols from 1.5 to 40 mcg/m(3) were
tested in 250 volunteers. Shock and irritation of the upper respiratory tract
resulted from even brief exposure to airborne levels from 10 to 24 mcg/m(3)
(HSDB , 2002).
5) Chromium metal fumes were generated with a plasma flame thrower and
inhaled by Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentrations generated ranged
between 1.84 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for 5 H/D, 5 D/W for 1 W to 0.55 mg Cr (0)/
m(3) for 5 H/D, 5 D/W for 2 months. The rats had an increased number of
chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral
lymphocytes. Bone marrow cells remained unchanged. The method used to
generate the metal fumes may have oxidized the chromium (ATSDR, 1993).
6) "Studies in rats by intratracheal, intramuscular and intrafemoral
administration, in mice and rats by intrapleural and intraperitoneal
administration and in mice, rats and rabbits by intravenous injections were
inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chromium metal as a powder"
(IARC, 1997).
7) Chromium metal implanted in the eyes of rabbits did not cause damage
(Grant & Schuman, 1993).

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-47-3 (American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines
developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They
should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in

industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the
introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and
become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always
consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying
these recommendations and guidelines.

a) Adopted Value

1) Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, metal and Cr III compounds

a) TLV:

1) TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
2) TLV-STEL:
3) TLV-Ceiling:
b) Notations and Endnotes:

1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
2) Codes: Not Listed
3) Definitions:

a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause
concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be
assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies
do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify
the agent into one of the other categories.
c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and skin irr
d) Molecular Weight: Varies

1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
e) Additional information:

b) Adopted Value

1) Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, water-soluble Cr VI
compounds

a) TLV:

1) TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
2) TLV-STEL:
3) TLV-Ceiling:

2) Codes: BEI
3) Definitions:

a) A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans
based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
b) BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the
substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such
substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including
dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.
c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; cancer




c) Adopted Value

1) Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, insoluble Cr VI compounds

a) TLV:

1) TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
2) TLV-STEL:
3) TLV-Ceiling:

2) Codes: Not Listed
3) Definitions:

a) A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans
c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Lung cancer




B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-47-3 (National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
1) Listed as: Chromium metal
2) REL:

a) TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
b) STEL:
c) Ceiling:
d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
f) Note(s): See Appendix C
3) IDLH:

a) IDLH: 250 mg Cr/m3 (as Cr)
b) Note(s): Not Listed

C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-47-3 :
1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
2010): A4 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, metal
and Cr III compounds

a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause
concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be
assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies
do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify
the agent into one of the other categories.
2010): A1 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, water-
soluble Cr VI compounds

a) A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans
2010): A1 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, insoluble
Cr VI compounds

a) A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans
4) EPA (IRIS, 2004): Not Listed
5) IARC (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans, 2006; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic
Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC, 2004): 3 ;
Listed as: Chromium, metallic

a) 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to
its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for

agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of
carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in
experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in
experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong
evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances
that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
6) IARC (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans, 2006; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic
Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC, 2004): 1 ;
Listed as: Chromium VI compounds

a) 1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure
circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This
category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category
when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there
is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong
evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a
relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
7) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not
Listed ; Listed as: Chromium metal
8) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Chromium(VI) compounds (as
dusts/aerosols), with the exception of those practically insoluble in water
such as lead chromate, barium chromate (but zinc chromate Section III
Category 1)

a) Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man
because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence
from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies
indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited
data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance
causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of
in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.
9) NTP (NTP, 2005): K ; Listed as: Chromium Hexavalent Compounds

a) K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-47-3 (29 CFR 1910.1000, 2006):
1) Listed as: Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr)
2) Table Z-1 for Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr):

a) 8-hour TWA:

1) ppm:

a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at
25 degrees C and 760 torr.
2) mg/m3: 0.5

a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this
column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is
approximate.
3) Ceiling Value:
4) Skin Designation: No
5) Notation(s): Not Listed
3) Listed as: Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr)
4) Table Z-1 for Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr):

a) 8-hour TWA:

1) ppm:

2) mg/m3: 0.5

approximate.
3) Ceiling Value:
5) Listed as: Chromium metal and insol salts (as Cr)
6) Table Z-1 for Chromium metal and insol salts (as Cr):

a) 8-hour TWA:

1) ppm:

2) mg/m3: 1

approximate.
3) Ceiling Value:

TOXICITY INFORMATION

7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES

A) References: (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002)
7.7.2) RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

A) References: (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002)

1) NOAEL- (INHALATION)RABBIT:

a) 0.6 or 3.1 mg Cr (0)/m(3) for 6H/D, 5D/W, for 4W (ACGIH, 1996)

PHYSICOCHEMICAL

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

A) Brittle, hard, odorless solid with lustrous, blue-white or steel-gray
appearance (NIOSH , 2001).
B) Chromium is an odorless, steel-gray, semi-gray, or blue-white, lustrous,
brittle metal with a body-centered cubic structure. It is as hard as corundum
and less fusible than platinum (Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997;
HSDB , 2001).
C) Note: The physical/chemical information listed is for elemental chromium
only. For additional information on chromium compounds, please refer to
individual HAZARDTEXT documents.

PH

A) Elemental chromium is amphoteric (HSDB , 2001).
B) Bivalent chromium compounds are basic, the trivalent compounds are
amphoteric, and the hexavalent compounds are acidic (Clayton & Clayton,
1994).

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

A) 52.00

REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) 29 CFR 1910.1000: Occupational Safety and Health Administration -
Limits for Air Contaminants. National Archives and Records Associations
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