Lecture 07

LECTURE SEVEN MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES: OPERATIONAL DEFINITION AND SCALES

THE RESEARCH DESIGN DETAILS OF STUDY MEASURMENT Purpose of the study Exploration Description Hypothesis testing Types of Investigation Establishing: -Casual relationships -Correlations -Group differences, Extent of researcher Interference Minimum: Studying events as they normally occur Moderate: Minimum amount of interference Maximum: High degree of control and artificial settings Study setting Contrived Noncontrived Measurement and measures Operational definition items (measure) Scaling Categorizing Coding Unit of analysis (Population to be studied) Individuals Dyads Groups Organizations Machines etc. Sampling design Probability/ nonprobability Sample Size ( n ) Time horizon One-Shot (cross-sectional) Multishot (longitudinal) Data-Collection method Observation Interview Questionnaire Physical measurement Unobtrusive ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PROBLEM STATEMENT DATA ANALYSIS

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ,[object Object]

EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

EXAMPLE OF DIMENTIIONS AND ELEMENTS ,[object Object],[object Object]

D C Learning Understanding Retention Application Answer questions correctly Give appropriate examples Recall material after some lapse of time Solve problems applying concepts understood and recalled Integrate with other relevant material D D E E E E E EXAMPLE OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: DIMENTION (D) (INDICATORS) AND ELEMENT (E) (VARIABLES) OF THE CONCEPT (C) LEARNING

METHODS OF SCALES ,[object Object],[object Object]

NOMINAL SCALE ,[object Object]

EXAMPLE OF NOMINAL SCALE ,[object Object],[object Object]

EXAMPLE OF ORDINAL SCALE ,[object Object],3 5. Work independently. 5 4. Serve others. 1 3. Complete a whole task from beginning to end. 2 2. Use a number of different skills. 4 1. Interact with others. The opportunity provided by the job to: RANKING OF IMPORTANCE JOB CHARECTERISTICS

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],INTERVAL SCALE

EXAMPLE OF INTERVAL SCALE ,[object Object],5 4 3 2 1 Working independently. e. 5 4 3 2 1 Serving others. d. 5 4 3 2 1 Completing a task from beginning to end. c. 5 4 3 2 1 Using a number of different skills. b. 5 4 3 2 1 Interacting with others. a. The following opportunities offered by the job are very important to me: Strongly Agree 5 Agree 4 Neither Agree NorDisagre 3 Disagree 2 Strongly Disagree 1

[object Object],[object Object],RATIO SCALE

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EXAMPLE OF RATIO SCALE

PROPERTIES OF FOUR SCALES t, F Standard deviation or variance, or coefficient of variation Arithmetic or Geometric Mean Yes Yes Yes Yes Ratio t, F Standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation Arithmetic Mean No Yes Yes Yes Interval Rank-order correlation Semi-inter-quartile range Median No No Yes Yes Ordinal Chi-square Test ( X 2 ) ________ Mode No No No Yes Nominal Some Tests of Significance Measure of Dispersion Measures of Central Tendency Unique Origin Distance/ Magnitude Order/ Rank Difference/ Category Scales Highlights Statistical Tools

EXERCISE-1 ,[object Object],EXERCISE-2 Schematically depict the operational definition of the concept of motivation and develop 10 question that would measure motivation

EXERCISE-3 ,[object Object],EXERCISE-4 Develop a nominal scale of gender for students in Dadabhoy.

EXERCISE-5 ,[object Object],EXERCISE-6 Develop a interval scale of effectiveness for students in Dadabhoy.

EXERCISE-7 ,[object Object],EXERCISE-8 Delineate the dimensions and elements of the concept “intangible assets” of an organization.

SCALE ,[object Object],TYPES OF SCALES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rating Scale ,[object Object],Ranking Scale Ranking scales make comparison between or among objects, events, or persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them.

RATING SCALES USED IN ORGANIZATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. DICHOTOMOUS SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE Question: Do you have a job? Answer: Yes / No Question: Do you like the subject BRM? Answer: Yes / no

2. CATEGORY SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE Where in Karachi do you reside? ------------- district east ------------- district west ------------- district south ------------- district malir ------------- district central

3. LIKERT SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE Strongly agree 5 Agree 4 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 3 Disagree 2 Strongly Disagree 1 5 4 3 2 1 Life without my work will be dull. 5 4 3 2 1 I am not engaged in my work all day. 5 4 3 2 1 My work is very interesting. Using the Likert scale, state the extent to which you agree with each of the following. Circle your answer.

[object Object],4. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE EXAMPLE Responsive ------------------------------------------- Unresponsive Beautiful ----------------------------------------------------------- Ugly Bad ---------------------------------------------------------------- Good Hot ------------------------------------------------------------------ Cold

5. NUMERICAL SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE Cold 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Hot Good 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bad Ugly 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Beautiful Unresponsive 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Responsive

6. ITEMIZED RATING SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE Respond to each item using the scale below, and indicate your response number on the line by each item. 5 Very Likely 4 likely 3 Neither Unlikely Nor Likely 2 Unlikely 1 Very Unlikely -- It is possible that I will be out of this organization with in the next 12 months. 3. -- I will take on new assignments in the near future. 2. -- I will be changing my job within the next 12 months. 1.

7. FIXED OR CONSTANT SUM SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE 100 Total Points ---------- Texture of lather ---------- Size ---------- Shape ---------- Color ---------- Fragrance In choosing a toilet soap, indicate the importance you attach to each of the following five aspects by allotting points for each to total 100 in all.

8. STAPAL (BASIC) SCALE ,[object Object],EXAMPLE -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 Interpersonal Skills Product innovation Adopting modern Technology +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 State how you would rate your supervisor’s abilities with respect to each of the characteristics mentioned below, by circling the appropriate number.

[object Object],9. GRAPHIC RATING SCALE EXAMPLE On a scale of 1 to 10 how would you rate your supervisor? 1 5 10 Good Better Best

[object Object],10. CONSENSUS SCALE

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RANKING SCALES USED IN ORGANIZATION 1. PAIRED COMPARISON It is used when, among a small number of objects, respondents are asked to choose between two objects at a time. As the number of objects to be compared increases, so does the number of paired comparisons. The paired choices for n objects will be n (n-1) / 2. The greater the number of objects or stimuli, the greater the number of paired comparisons presented to the respondents, and the greater the respondent fatigue. Hence paired comparison is a good method if the number of stimuli presented is small.

[object Object],2. FORCED CHOICE EXAMPLE 4 Compaq 5 Toshiba 2 IBM 3 Hewlett-Packard (HP) 1 Dell Rank the following Companies of Computer that you would like to subscribe to in the order of preference, assigning 1 for the most preferred choice and 5 for the least preferred.

[object Object],3. COMPARATIVE SCALE EXAMPLE 5 4 3 2 1 Less Useful About the Same More Useful In a volatile (evaporation) financial environment, compared to stocks, how wise or useful is it to invest in Treasury bonds? Circle the appropriate response.

GOODNESS OF DATA ,[object Object]

RELIBILITY ,[object Object],STABILITY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

[object Object],PARALLEL-FORM RELIABILITY

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF MEASURE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],INTER-ITEM CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY Split-half reliability reflects the correlations between two halves of an instrument. The estimates would vary depending on how the items in the measure are split into two halves.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VALIDITY

CONTENT VALIDITY It ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain (circle of affection) or universe of the concept being measured, the greater the content validity. FACE VALIDITY It is considered by some as a basic and a very minimum index of content validity. Face validity indicates that the items that are intended to measure a concept, so on the face of it look like they measure the concept.

[object Object],CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY CONCURRENT VALIDITY It is established when the scale discriminates individuals who are known to the different; that is they should score differently on the instrument . PREDICTIVE VALIDITY It indicates the ability of the measuring instrument to differentiate among individuals with reference to a future criterion.

[object Object],CONSTRUCT VALIDITY CONVERGENT VALIDITY It is established when the scores obtained with two different instrument measuring the same concept are highly correlated. DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY It is established when, based on the theory, two variables are predicted to be correlated, and the scores obtained by measuring them are indeed empirically found to be so.

TESTING GOODNESS OF MEASURES Goodness of data Reliability (accuracy In Measure- ment) Validity (we are Measuring The right Thing) Stability Consistency Test-retest reliability Interitem consistency reliability Parallel-form reliability Split-half reliability Logical validity (content) Criterion-related validity Congruent validity (construct) Face validity Convergent Predictive Concurrent Discriminant

TYPES OF VALIDITY Does the measure have a low correlation with a variable that is supposed to be unrelated to this variable? Discriminant Validity Do two instruments measuring the concept correlate highly? Convergent Validity Does the instrument tap the concept as theorized? Construct Validity Does the measure differentiate individuals in as manner as to help predict a future criterion? Predictive Validity Does the measure differentiate in a manner that helps to predict a criterion variable currently? Concurrent Validity Does the measure differentiate in a manner that helps to predict a criterion variable. Criterion-related Validity Do “experts” validate that the instrument measures what its name suggests it measures? Face Validity Does the measure adequately measure the concept? Content Validity Description Validity

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