¨ Arabic 3: Basics on the nominal sentence ¨ is the first step to live a sentence in Arabic. You will find all necessary details that help understanding well the function of each part of it and so knowing deep the secret meaning and grammar that such lovely sentence carries. The slides are available also beside others on my blog:
www.alif-zaim.blogspot.com > ¨Grammar Slideshare¨ section cross column on right. Enjoy !
2. 1- Preliminary notes:
A sentence is a set of words, grammatically linked, that is complete in itself and
expresses a complete thought conveying a statement, command, question,
exclamation ..
Typically, a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject is what
the sentence is talking about and the predicate is the information about the
subject, it tells us something about it.
The sentence is classified in Arabic grammar in tow main categories:
1- Nominal sentence ــيــةِــمْسإ ــلــةْــمُج , called also noun sentence or equational
sentence.
2- Verbal sentence ـيـةِلـْعـِف ــلــةْــمُج
The verbal sentence is easy to recognize as the first word in it is always a verb
while the nominal sentence never starts with a verb as illustrated with the
preliminary examples in the next slide:
3. 2- Introductory examples:
فعلية جملVerbal sentences :
َوْحَّنال ُالطالب َسَرَد.The student studied / has studied grammar.
َوْحَّنال ُبِلاّالط ُسُرْدَي.The student studies /is studying grammar.
َوْحَّنال ُبِلاَّالط ُسُرْدَيَس.The student will study grammar.
These sentences, starting with verb “ to study ”درس in different tenses and so
classified as verbal sentences, can be changed to nominal sentences (as
shown below) by placing the verb after the subject which is “the student الطالب ”
making the imphasis on the noun (subject) rather than the verb :
إسمية جملNominal sentences :
َوْحَّنال َسَرَد ُالطالب.The student studied / has studied grammar.
َالنحو ُسُرْدَي ُالطالب.The student studies /is studying grammar.
َالنحو ُسُرْدَيَس ُالطالب.The student will study grammar.
4. 3- Parts of the nominal sentence:
The nominal sentence consists of two main parts as illustrated in the following example:
The house is beautiful ٌلــمــيـــَج ُْــتيــَبــْال
الـبيتxجميل
جميل:خــبــر
Beautiful is: Predicate
( Information about the
subject)
x
Hidden ¨ is ¨
(non-existing word in this
context)
البيت:مبتدأ
The house is: Subject
( What the sentence is talking
about )
5. 4- Types of the subject المـبـتـدأ أنـواع
The subject المبتدأ in the nominal sentence can be:
1- A noun إســـم :
The weather is cold ُسْقَّالطٌد ِبار
The students are in the class ُبّالُّالطِّفَّصال في
Fatima lives in this house فاطمةِتْيَبْال هذا في ُنُكْسَت
2- A personal pronoun منفصل ضمير :
I am busy أناٌلغوْشَم/أناٌمشغولة
He is in the office هوِبَتْكَمْال في
( Personal pronouns are 15 total illustrated in a chart at the end of the show)
6. 3- A demonstrative pronoun إســـمإشارة :
This is my freind هذاصديقي
This is a nice photo ِههذٌميلةَج ٌة َصور
That is a restaurant َكِلذٌمَعْطَم
( Demonstrative pronouns are 10 illustrated in a chart at the end of the show)
4- The particle أن + a verb in present perfect نِم لَّوؤُم ردصم(أن+فعل) :
The verbal noun المصدر can be replaced by its verb preceded by the particle أن and so treated
both as a noun called مؤول مصدر ¨ indirect maSdar ¨
functioning the same way as ¨ direct maSdar ¨ :
Reading is beneficial ُةَءراِقْالٌةَدفيُم
The fact that you read is better أَـرْقـَت ْأنٌدفيُم
The direct maSdar is ¨ القراءة ¨and the indirect maSdar ¨ تقرأ أن ¨, both subjects.
7. 5- Types of the predicate الخــبــر أنـواع
The predicate الخــبــر can be:
1- A noun إســـم :
Mohamed is a teacher ٌدــّمـَحـُمٌذـتـاْسُأ
My hobby is swiming تيَيواِهُةَحباِّسال
2- A descriptive noun (adjective) إسمفة ِص :
She is ill هــيٌـريـضـةَم
Are you happy ? َأنت هلٌدعيَس/ِتأن هلٌةسعيد؟
The pen is red ُمـَلَقـْالــرَمـْحَأ
8. 3- A verbal sentence يةِلعِف لةُمج :
My father works in a company والديُلَمْعَيفيةَك َِرش
Fatima studies medicine فاطمةَّبِّالط ُتدرس
4- A prepositional phrase ـلـةُـمج ـهـبِش :
The chidren are in the school ُدال ْو ْاْلِةالمدرس في
The car is in the front of the door ُةيارَّسالِبالبا َأمام
5- A nominal sentence يةِمإس لةُمج :
The house, its door is beautiful ُبيتْالٌلميَج ُهــُببا
My sister, her husband is a teacher تيْأخٌذتاْسأ هاُج ْو َز
9. 6- The particle أن + a verb in present perfect أن من لَّوؤُم مصدر+فعل :
As mentionaed in the types of the subject, The verbal noun المصدر can be
replaced by its verb preceded by the particle أن and so treated both as a
¨ noun called مؤول مصدر ¨ indirect maSdar ¨ functioning the same way
¨ direct maSdar ¨ :
Happiness is satisfaction ُةَعناَقْال ُةَدعاَّسال
Happiness is that you are satisfied ُةالسعادَعَنْقَت ْنَأ
The direct maSdar is ¨القناعة¨and the indirect maSdar ¨تقنع أن ¨, both
predicates.
7- Please note taht the predicate can alos be a personal pronoun and
demonstraive pronoun such as :
- This is me هذاأنا - The reason is this ُبَبَّسالهذا
10. 6- Case endings in nominal sentences
The subject المبتدأ and the predicate الخبر are both in nominative case مرفوع.
Please refer to ¨Case system¨ in ¨Arabic 1: Basics on nouns¨ slides for details with
regards to grammar case endings.
1- Damma (s): Notice the mark Damma (s) in red mark indicating the
nominative case in these examples:
Singular : The lesson is beneficial الدرُسمفيــٌد
The university is big الجامعُةكبيرٌة
Broken plural: The students are Arabs الطالُبعرٌب
The books are many الكتُبكثيرٌة
Sound plural feminin: The teachers are present اْلستاذاُتحاضراٌت
The articles are long المقاالُتطويلٌة
11. 2- Alif األلف: Notice “ا“ in red mark indicating the nominative case in
these examples:
Dual : The two exercises are hard التمريناصعب ِناِن
The two sentences are short الجملتاقصيرت ِناِن
Please note the ن in the dual (after alif) remains with kasra and is not taken into
consideration in grammar anlysis.
3- Waaw :الواو Notice “و“ in red mark indicating the nominative case in
these examples:
Sound plural masculin: The teachers are coming المعلموقادم َنوَن
The students are busy مشغول ُالطالبوَن
Please note the ن in the sound plural masculin (after waaw) remains with
fatHa and is not taken into consideration in grammar anlysis.
12. 4- By estimation التقدير:
- When the subject المبتدأ is a personal pronoun (singular, dual & plural) or a demonstrative
pronoun (singular & plural only), the nominative case is estimated, and so no mark needed to
indicate the nominative case ending.
- When the predicate is a verbal sentence or a prepositional phrase or a nominal sentence, the
nominative case is estimated too, and so no mark or a letter is needed to indicate the
nominative case ending.
Examples: He is a doctor َوُهٌطبيب
This is library ِهِذَهٌمكتبة
Mohamed works in a bank ٌدمحمبنك في يعمل
The director is in the office ُالمديرِبالمكت في
The city, it streets are ovecrowded ُةالمدينٌمزدحمة هاُعشوار
Please note that the demonstrative pronoun dual is nominative by ا as mentioned in # 2 . Example:
These are two photos هاتــاِنصورتــان
13. 7- Personal pronouns المنفصلة الضمائر
* Translation of the
personal pronouns varies
according to their
contexts.
Example: أنا can be
translated : ¨I¨ or ¨I am¨
or ¨me¨ , same for the
other pronouns.
* When referring to non-
human plural masculine
or feminine such as
objects & animals, the
pronoun used is هي
NOT هم or هن
.
.
.
14. 8- Demonstrative pronouns اإلشارة أسماء
* When pointing or
referring to non-human
plural masculine or
feminine such as objects
& animals, the
demonstrative pronoun
to be used is the singular
feminine هذه & تلك NOT
the plural هؤالء & أولئك
Example:
These are books:
كـتـب هـذه
.
.
15. 9- Grammar tips
Non-human nouns plural masculine and feminine are treated as singular
feminine, and so:
* The predicate adjective describing it has to be singular feminine. Example:
The streets are overcrowded ُع ِوارَّشالٌةَم ِحَد ْزُم
The rooms are small ُف َرُغْالٌةغيرَص
* The verb in the verbal sentence functioning as a predicate of a subject plural
non-human masculine or feminine must be singular feminine. Example:
Classes start at 8:00 am ُفوفُّصالُأَدْبَتباحاَص ِةنِالثام في
* Personal pronoun and demonstrative pronoun referring to non-human nouns
plural masculine or feminine need to be Feminine singular : ِهِذه/َيِـه ،َكْلِت .
Example: These are houses ِهِذهٌيوتُب
Those are offices َكْلِتبِتكاَم
The photos are on the table. They are beautiful ِةَلِوالطا لىَع ُر َوُّصال.َيِهٌةَلميَج