2. Land plants evolved from algae -> sexual reproductive cycles evolved from algae reproductive strategies which were in water PLANTS
3. Life cycles of plants Alternate between diploid ( sporophyte ) and haploid ( gametophyte ) generations. Usually either sporophyte or gametophyte generation dominates a plant’s lifespan PLANTS
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5. Life cycles of plants Diploid (sporophyte) generation: -Can produce haploid spores through meiosis -Haploid spores can develop without fertilization PLANTS
6. Life cycles of plants When we purchase fern plants, we actually buy fern plants in their sporophyte stage . Fern plants also have a gametophyte stage which won’t sell well due to its appearance. Sporophyte stage PLANTS
14. Vascular plants: Xylem Vessel elements Classifying plants PLANTS
15. Vascular plants: Xylem Tracheids vs. vessel elements Classifying plants PLANTS
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17. Vascular plants: Phloem Companion cell Assists the survival of sieve tube cells Classifying plants PLANTS
18. Vascular plants: Phloem Classifying plants Sieve tube (cells without a nucleus forming a hollow tube) Sieve plate (perforated end of sieve tube cells) PLANTS
19. Vascular plants: Phloem & tree sap -In plants, roots store STARCH , a polysaccharide which is NOT soluble in water. -Starch is broken down into SUCROSE , a disaccharide which IS soluble in water. -In the spring, the SUCROSE is then transported from the roots (where it is stored during the winter) to the developing leaves through phloem. -The leaves convert the SUCROSE into glucose , a monosaccharide. Classifying plants PLANTS
20. Vascular plants: Phloem & tree sap -The glucose provides energy for the GROWTH OF LEAVES . -Once leaves have grown, they can perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS to produce their own glucose. -Excess glucose is converted into STARCH in the chloroplasts (an organelle). -The STARCH is then converted into sucrose , which is transported to the ROOTS through the phloem. Classifying plants PLANTS
21. Vascular plants: Phloem & tree sap -The carbohydrate that plants transport in the phloem is SUCROSE , a disaccharide. -Sucrose is converted into the polysaccharide STARCH in the roots -Sucrose is converted into the monosaccharide GLUCOSE in the leaves in early spring. Classifying plants PLANTS
22. Vascular plants: Phloem & tree sap Classifying plants Glucose (leaves) Sucrose (stem) Starch (roots) -winter storage Summer and Fall Summer and Fall Spring Spring PLANTS
26. Vascular plants: Ferns Have roots and vascular tissue and waxy thickened outer epidermis to hold in moisture Sporophyte plants have small spore-producing structures ( sori ) on the underside of pinnae Classifying plants PLANTS
28. Vascular plants: Seeds -most vascular plants reproduce using seeds - A seed is made up of an embryo, stored food, and a tough waterproof coat . Seeds can remain dormant for long periods. Classifying plants PLANTS
32. Vascular plants: Seeds Angiosperms - Flowering plants -Protect their seeds in a fruit -Make up more than ¾ of all plant species -May be trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, vines or water plants Classifying plants PLANTS
33. Vascular plants: Seeds Angiosperms -Divided into two groups: monocots and dicots The names come from parts of the embryo in the seed Radicle = embryonic root Hypocotyl = embryonic stem Cotyledon = seed leaf (may have one or two) Classifying plants PLANTS
34. Vascular plants: Seeds Angiosperms: Monocots Monocots – contain one cotyledon (ex. corn) -> Two types: “ Woody ” stems (tough and rigid) About 10% of all monocots i.e. Bamboo, palm trees Herbaceous stems (soft and fleshy) i.e. Orchids, tulips, grasses, wheat Classifying plants PLANTS
35. Vascular plants: Seeds Angiosperms: Dicots Dicots – contain two cotyledons (ex. Beans) Ex. Most of Canada’s native trees, many wildflowers, tomatoes, lettuce, yams, beans, etc. Classifying plants PLANTS
44. Angiosperms : Reproduction Seeds and Fruits -Flowering plants are sporophytes (2n) -The pollen and ovum that they produce are gametophytes (1n) -The seed is the result of fertilization. -After fertilization, the ovary walls in the flower swell, become fleshy, and form either the fruit or seed pod Classifying plants PLANTS
