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Research

        It is a process if gathering information to answer a question

Induction

        Induction involves observation and investigation into the relationship between meanings and
actions of human subject

Deduction

        Deduction involves the formulation of hypotheses

Basic research

        Research done mainly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that commonly occur
in an organization setting and seeking method of solving is called basic research

Applied research

        Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve

Specific problems currently being experience in an organization

Exploratory research

        The perpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and find out what is happening

Explanatory research

        This research explain a situtaion or problem usually in the form in the form of casual
relationships

Discriptive research

        This type of research sets out to provide an accurate profile of situation, people, or events

Quantitative research

       Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which nomarical data is utilized to obtain
information about the world

Qulitative research

         In formal, subjective research approch that usually emphasis words rather than numbers in the
collection
Mix method research

       In approch is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge, claims on pragmatic
grounds

Paradigm

       Term paradigm describe as essentialy a collection of belive shared by scientists, a set of
aggrements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about
conduc ting research

Theory

        In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings together
cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making
changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views

Concept

        An extensional definition of a concept or term formulates its meaning by specifying its
extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the concept or term in question

Variable

        An operational definition is a demonstration of a process – such as a variable, term, or object –
in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.

Proposition

         A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false. In philosophy, particularly in
logic, a proposition is identified ontologically as an idea, concept, or abstraction whose token instances
are patterns of symbols, marks, sounds, or strings of words

Analysis

       Is the job of systematically braking down something into its constituents parts and describing
how they relate to each other it is not random dissection but a methodological examination

Syntheses

         Is the act of making connection between the parts identified in analysis

Subjectivity

        A definition is a formal passage describing the meaning of a term (a word or phrase). The term
to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may have many subtly different senses or
meanings
Formal and informal research

       In formal research, researcher use agree on definitions of variables on the other hand in
informal research, researcher write in literary, informal style

Litrature review

         Is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic

What is meant by paradigm and what on basis they differ from each other elaborate on the basis of
philosophical assumptions?

               Term paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by scientists, a set
of agreements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about
conducting research

  sr.#      Philosophical          positivism            interpretivism        pragmatism
            assumptions

  1         ontology               Singular reality      Multiple realities    Both singular and
                                   (objectivism)         (constructionism)     multiple realities.

  2         epistemology           Distance and          Closeness             Practicality
                                   impartiality          (subjective)
                                   (objective)                                 Objective + subjective

  3         axiology               Unbiased              biased                Multiple stances


  4         Rhetoric               Formal style          Informal style        Both informal and
                                                                               formal style

  5         methodology            deductive             Inductive             Both qualitative and
                                                                               quantitative data and
                                                                               mix them

  6         Strategies of          We do survey          Grounded theory,      Sequential, concurrent
            inquiry                experiment and        ethnography, case     and transformative
                                   field work            study and
                                                         narratives

  7         Methods                Close ended           Open ended            Both quantitative and
                                   questions,            questions image       qualitative data analysis
                                   numerical data        analysis
                                   statisticalanalysis   (qualitative)
What is meant by research process and what are its elements discussed in detail how they differ in
qualitative and quantitative research?



Elements of qualitative research   Process of research               Elements of quantitative
                                                                     research

Interpretivism                     Paradigm                          Positivism

Point of view of participant       Intent of research                Point of view of the researcher

Understand meaning individuals                                       Test a theory deductively to
give to a phenomena inductively                                      support or refute it

Contextual understanding                                             Generalization

Minor role                         How literature is used            Major role

Justifies problem                                                    Justifies problem

Ask open ended questions           How intent is focused             Ask close ended questions

                                                                     Test specific variables that forms
                                                                     hypotheses or questions

Words and image                    How data collected                Numbers

Natural settings                                                     From many participants at many
                                                                     research sites
Data is collected at micro level
                                                                     Data is collected at macro level

                                                                     Artificial settings

Text or images analysis            How data is analyzed              Numerical statistical analysis

Themes                                                               Rejecting hypotheses

Researcher is close                Role of researcher                Researcher is distant

Identifies personal stance                                           Remains in background

                                                                     Take step to remove bias

Using validity procedures that     How data is validated             Using validity procedures based
rely on the participants, the                                        on external standards, such as
researcher, or the reader                                            judges. Past research, statistics.

Differentiate between qualitative, quantitative and mix method research?
Qualitative                             Quantitative                      Mix method

Constructivist paradigm                 Positivist paradigm               Pragmatic paradigm

Grounded theories case study            Surveys and experiments           Sequential, concurrent and
narratives                                                                transformative

Open ended questions                    Close ended questions numeric     Both open ended and close
                                        data                              ended questions
Emerging approaches

Theory generation                       Test a theory and verify theory   Collect both quantitative and
                                                                          qualitative data
Collect participants meanings           Use undecided approaches

Make interpretation of data             Employs statistical procedure

Collaborate with participants



Elements of research design

              •   Introduction

              •   Objectives of study

              •   Purpose statement

              •   Research questions

              •   Significance of research

              •   Literature review

              •   Research method for data collection

              •   Ethical considerations

              •   Limitations and delimitations

              •   References

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Basic Definitions Of Business Research Methods

  • 1. Research It is a process if gathering information to answer a question Induction Induction involves observation and investigation into the relationship between meanings and actions of human subject Deduction Deduction involves the formulation of hypotheses Basic research Research done mainly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in an organization setting and seeking method of solving is called basic research Applied research Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve Specific problems currently being experience in an organization Exploratory research The perpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and find out what is happening Explanatory research This research explain a situtaion or problem usually in the form in the form of casual relationships Discriptive research This type of research sets out to provide an accurate profile of situation, people, or events Quantitative research Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which nomarical data is utilized to obtain information about the world Qulitative research In formal, subjective research approch that usually emphasis words rather than numbers in the collection
  • 2. Mix method research In approch is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge, claims on pragmatic grounds Paradigm Term paradigm describe as essentialy a collection of belive shared by scientists, a set of aggrements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about conduc ting research Theory In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views Concept An extensional definition of a concept or term formulates its meaning by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the concept or term in question Variable An operational definition is a demonstration of a process – such as a variable, term, or object – in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity. Proposition A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false. In philosophy, particularly in logic, a proposition is identified ontologically as an idea, concept, or abstraction whose token instances are patterns of symbols, marks, sounds, or strings of words Analysis Is the job of systematically braking down something into its constituents parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not random dissection but a methodological examination Syntheses Is the act of making connection between the parts identified in analysis Subjectivity A definition is a formal passage describing the meaning of a term (a word or phrase). The term to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may have many subtly different senses or meanings
  • 3. Formal and informal research In formal research, researcher use agree on definitions of variables on the other hand in informal research, researcher write in literary, informal style Litrature review Is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic What is meant by paradigm and what on basis they differ from each other elaborate on the basis of philosophical assumptions? Term paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by scientists, a set of agreements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about conducting research sr.# Philosophical positivism interpretivism pragmatism assumptions 1 ontology Singular reality Multiple realities Both singular and (objectivism) (constructionism) multiple realities. 2 epistemology Distance and Closeness Practicality impartiality (subjective) (objective) Objective + subjective 3 axiology Unbiased biased Multiple stances 4 Rhetoric Formal style Informal style Both informal and formal style 5 methodology deductive Inductive Both qualitative and quantitative data and mix them 6 Strategies of We do survey Grounded theory, Sequential, concurrent inquiry experiment and ethnography, case and transformative field work study and narratives 7 Methods Close ended Open ended Both quantitative and questions, questions image qualitative data analysis numerical data analysis statisticalanalysis (qualitative)
  • 4. What is meant by research process and what are its elements discussed in detail how they differ in qualitative and quantitative research? Elements of qualitative research Process of research Elements of quantitative research Interpretivism Paradigm Positivism Point of view of participant Intent of research Point of view of the researcher Understand meaning individuals Test a theory deductively to give to a phenomena inductively support or refute it Contextual understanding Generalization Minor role How literature is used Major role Justifies problem Justifies problem Ask open ended questions How intent is focused Ask close ended questions Test specific variables that forms hypotheses or questions Words and image How data collected Numbers Natural settings From many participants at many research sites Data is collected at micro level Data is collected at macro level Artificial settings Text or images analysis How data is analyzed Numerical statistical analysis Themes Rejecting hypotheses Researcher is close Role of researcher Researcher is distant Identifies personal stance Remains in background Take step to remove bias Using validity procedures that How data is validated Using validity procedures based rely on the participants, the on external standards, such as researcher, or the reader judges. Past research, statistics. Differentiate between qualitative, quantitative and mix method research?
  • 5. Qualitative Quantitative Mix method Constructivist paradigm Positivist paradigm Pragmatic paradigm Grounded theories case study Surveys and experiments Sequential, concurrent and narratives transformative Open ended questions Close ended questions numeric Both open ended and close data ended questions Emerging approaches Theory generation Test a theory and verify theory Collect both quantitative and qualitative data Collect participants meanings Use undecided approaches Make interpretation of data Employs statistical procedure Collaborate with participants Elements of research design • Introduction • Objectives of study • Purpose statement • Research questions • Significance of research • Literature review • Research method for data collection • Ethical considerations • Limitations and delimitations • References