2. What is soap?
A SOAP is the sodium or
Potassium salt formed when a
Fatty acid that contains 12 to 18
carbon atoms per molecule is
neutralized by an alkali
3. W h a t is g e n e r a l f o r m u la
fo r s o a p ?
The general formula of
soap is RCOO – Na + or R
COO K where R is an
– +
alkyl group containing 12 to
18 carbon atoms.
R can be saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbons
5. What is saponification?
SAPONIFICATION is a
process involves boiling fats
or oils with concentrated
sodium hydroxide
solution or concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution
12. • A long chain hydrocarbon
obtained from petroleum
fractions is converted into
organic acid.
• The organic acid is neutralise
with NaOH to form detergent.
13. QUESTION 3
Describe the cleansing action of
soap or detergent.
a) State 3 abilities of both soap
and detergent that enable them
to act as cleansing agents
14. i. A b ilit y t o lo w e r t h e
s u r f a c e t e n s io n o f
iw aTto re m u l s i f y o i l o r
i. e
g re a s e , a nd bre a k
t h e m in t o s m a lle r
d ir. oTp l ehto l d t h e m i n
ii o s
s u s p e n s io n in w a t e r ,
s o tha t the y d o no t
r e d e p o s it o n t h e
15. STRUCTURE OF SOAP PARTICLE
•the organic part •the ionic part
•the hydrophobic •the hydrophilic
part part
•the tail part • the head part
16. • Which part is soluble in water?
Defend your answer
B part
because
it is ionic part
17. • Which part is soluble in grease?
Defend your answer
A part
because it is covalent
part
25. Describe the cleansing action of soap
and detergent
Soap dissolves in
water and lowers…
S u rfa c e
t……………………
e n s io n
w e t of water.
This helps to
………………the cloth
better
26. –The hydrophobic
part ( tail part)
dissolves
G re a s e (
in……………………,
d ir t )
the hydrophilic
part ( head part)
dissolves in water
27. •
M o ve me nt o f
c)…………………………………
w a te r
during scrubbing helps
to loosen the grease
and lift off the surface .
, and also break the
grease into
S m a ll
…………………………..
• d r o p le t
28. d)The droplets do not
coagulate and redeposit
on the surface of the
cloth because
r e p u ls io
………………………. between
n
the negative charges on
the surface.
• These droplets are
suspended in water,
forming
e m u ls io
……………………………….or
n
smaller droplets.
29. R in s in g
• …………………………….
washes away these
droplets and leaves
the surface clean
30. d)Compare and contrast the cleansing
action of soap and detergents
Propert Soap Detergent
y
1 sources Made from Made
a n im
……………… from
al petroleum
plant
or fractions
31. P rop S oap D e te rg
e rty e nt
2 M o le R – C O O R S O 4 –
c u la –
Na + or
r Whe re R
s t r u A l k iy l
s
c tur g ro up
e
……………
32. P rope S oap D e te r
3 Effective
rty Forms g e nt
Does not
ness in form
S C UM scum
hard …………………
with hard
water with hard water
water
33. P rope S oap D e te rg
4 Effectiv
rty Forms Does tnot
en
eness IN S O L U form
in B LE precipit
…………….
F A TTY
acidic with D ate with
A C I acidic
water acidic
water
water
34. P rope rt S oa p D e te rg
5 C ley n in L e s s
a e nt
MOR
g p o w e r ……………
E
power fu l pow e rf
ul
35. P rope r S oap D e te rg e nt
6 ty
Effect Biodegrad Some
to the able and detergents
environ do not are non
ment cause any biodegrada
ble and
P O L L U T I kill
O……………
N
aquatic
lives
36. What does hard water contains?
• Hard water contains
calcium ion, Ca or
2+
magnesium ion, Mg 2+.
37. Why do soaps form scum with
hard water?
• Soap reacts with calcium
ion, Ca or magnesium ion,
2+
Mg2+ in hard water to form
insoluble salt, called scum
38. Why is soap not effective in hard
water?
• Because formation of scum
reduce the amount of soap
for cleaning and thus wastage
of soap occur.
39. Why is detergent more effective than
soap in hard water?
• Detergent form soluble salt with
calcium ion, Ca2+ or
magnesium ion, Mg2+ in hard
water.
• Therefore the cleaning power is
not affected by hard water.
40. Below are some additives in detergents.
Fill in missing words
Additives Functions
1 Drying agents to keep the
( such as powder……
sodium DRY
………….
sulphate,
sodium silicate)
41. Additives Function
s
2 Builders ( such
softe
as Sodium ……………
n
triphosphate) water.
42. Additives Functions
3 Biological to digest
enzymes( s P R O T E IN ,
uch as FAT OR
amylase, C A R B O H YD
lipase) R A TE
in dirt or to
modify fabric
feel
43. Additives Functions
4 Such as Convert
sodium
perborate stains into
colourles
…………………
s
substances
49. FUNCTION TYPE
1) IMPROVED
COLOUR OF FOOD DYES
TO MAKE IT MORE
ATTRACTIVE
2) SLOW DOWN PRESER
SPOILING OF FOOD
CAUSED BY GROWTH VATIVES
FUNGI OR
MICROORGANISMS
50. FUNCTION TYPE
3) ENHANCE THE
NATURAL FLAVOUR FLAVOURING
OF FOOD AGENTS
4) PREVENT
OXIDATION OF FATS ANTI
AND OILS SO THAT OXIDANTS
FOOD DO NOT
BECOME RANCID
51. FUNCTION TYPE
5) IMPROVE
APPEARANCE OF
FOOD AND GIVE STABILIZERS
FOOD A FIRM AND
TEXTURE THICKENING
71. 2. ANTIBIOTICS
EXAMPLES:
PENICILIN – to kill bacteria that
cause tuberculosis (TB) and
pneumonia
STREPTOMYCIN – used to treat
whooping cough and pneumonia
73. 3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC
MEDICINES
ANTIDEPRESSANT – to reduce
tension and anxiety e.g.
Tranquilisers and barbiturates
ANTIPSYCHOTIC – to treat
psychiatric illness such as
schizophrenia e.g. clozapine
74. WHY SHOULD YOU TAKE FULL COURSE
OF ANTIBIOTICS?
•To ensure all the bacteria are killed
•the bacteria may become more
resistant to the antibiotic.
•When this happens, the antibiotic is
no longer effective.
•a different and stronger antibiotic to
fight the same infection is needed
76. TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
Analgesics Aspirin Cause internal
bleeding
Cause brain and
liver damage if
given to children
Paracet Cause liver damage
amol if taken for a long
time
77. TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINES NES
Codein May cause
e addiction over a
long period of time
Antibiotics Headache, allergic
reaction and
diarrhea
78. TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
S
Psychoth High dose may
era- cause depression,
peutic coma, death ,rapid
medicine heartbeat and
dizziness