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UNIVERSITE de PERPIGNAN
Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Expérimentales




                       Ectotherms :
            Adaptation of enzyme to temperature




                                 Designed and Performed by : Nicolas PUIGMAL,
                            Master 1 BIMoPoDD : Integrated Biology : Molecules, Population
                                           and Sustanaible Development
UPVD
                  Summary                        Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




-Introduction : a review of existing knowledge


-Study on LDH-A in Sphyraena


-Conclusion




              Ectotherms : Adaptation of                              2
               enzymes to temperature
UPVD
    Introduction : a review of existing knowledge                       Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




                                      Temperature
                                                            Ion transport =                 ATP
                                         variation


                                                                Protection and
                                                              tissue reparation
                                   Ectotherms                       (HSP)
                                                              Poor insulation
http://www.arkive.org/




                                                                 Low energy for
                         Failure of evolution??                   reproduction


                               Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                    3
                                enzymes to temperature
UPVD
    Introduction : a review of existing knowledge
                                                                   Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




              Failure of evolution?? No, absolutely not …

                  Ectothermic metabolic in-between hot
                               and cold


                     Adaptation to their environment


                            ?                          ?
Protein concentration?                       ?         Efficient proteins?

                         Environmental modification?
                                   (pH)


                          Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                    4
                           enzymes to temperature
UPVD
 Introduction : a review of existing knowledge
                                                                                                            Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




                        Study of enzyme kinetics
                                                                                                                 Arrherius




                                                                                                                       Km




                                                                                                                      Kcat




Adaptation to their environment by efficient protein

          George N. Somero, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 139 (2004) 321-333 (modified)



                                 Ectotherms : Adaptation of
                                  enzymes to temperature                                                                         5
UPVD
          Introduction : a review of existing knowledge
                                                                          Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




LDH-A : Lactate Deshydrogenase-A
-many data on the function, structure, sequence
-orthologs in many species : same substrate (pyruvate) and cofactor (NADH)
                  Preserved active site


                                                             - Determined by the
                                                             nature of the amino
                                     Flexibility             acids of the hinge
     Flexibility                 « door hinge » zone
 « door hinge » zone
                                                             - Role of pH, osmolyte

                                     Stability
 Functionality


                                Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                     6
                                 enzymes to temperature
UPVD
                               Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                                  Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




   Study of the evolution of LDH-A in 6 species of Barracuda (genus Shyraena)
Sphyraena argentea
(Temperate north)

S. lucasana (Subtropical)

S. idiastes      (Temperate south)

S. ensis

S. acutipinnis

S. barracuda




                                                                  http://geographie.ens.fr/
                                     Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                        7
                                      enzymes to temperature
UPVD
                    Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                        Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




Experiments of LDH-A

    Extraction from white skeletal muscle : rich in enzyme


     Preparation of LDH-A by reductor and alkaline solution
Native
 Native                Denatured
                        Denatured            Denatured
                                              Denatured               Digested
                                                                       Digested
LDH-A
 LDH-A                   LDH-A
                          LDH-A                LDH-A
                                                LDH-A                  LDH-A
                                                                        LDH-A




     Modification
     Modification          Dithiothreitol
                            Dithiothreitol                Trypsine
                                                           Trypsine
         pH
          pH             (break disulfide
                          (break disulfide
                             bridges)
                              bridges)
                            Ectotherms : Adaptation of
                             enzymes to temperature                                          8
UPVD
                             Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                                                   Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




Resultats

 Sphyraena                                                        -Similar sequence between these three
 argentea                                                         species                     S. helleri


S. lucasana                                                       -Differences due to adaptation
                                                                                                S. ensis

                                                                  -Further      studies   with   these             three
                                                                  species
S. idiastes
                                                                                                   S. barracuda



              Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry,
                  Vol.36, No.11, 1997 (modified)



                                                   Ectotherms : Adaptation of
                                                    enzymes to temperature                                              9
UPVD
                     Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                         Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




Manipulation of LDH-A
                                                                       : RNAm
                                                        All ARN

      Synthesis of cDNA                                                : RNA

                                                                       : DNA

                                                                       : cDNA
    Guanidium
  Thiucyanate acid                                                     : protein
                                                                       (ex: RNAase)

                                                                  : Dynabead oligo dT


                                                                  : Reverse
                                                                  transcriptase




                           Ectotherms : Adaptation of
                            enzymes to temperature                                         10
UPVD
                     Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                                                     Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




                                                       8

    PCR amplification
    and sequencing                           61        68
   Deduced amino acid
    sequences of LDH-A


        Resultats
                                                                                        223
-1 difference between S.l and
S.i: 8th position on the
outside of the active site
-S.a: 4 differences : 8,61,68
and 223
                                Ectotherms : Adaptation of   Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Vol.36,
                                 enzymes to temperature                 No.11, 1997 (modified)                         11
UPVD
                    Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                                                       Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




Which role have these position?                                      Site Directed Mutagenesis


                                                                             Km S.a native           Km S.l native

                                                                             Km S.l native = Km S.l Cloned

                                                                             Km C-8            Km S.a native

                                                                                   Position 8 has no role in
                                                                                   the functionality

                                                                              Km C-61-68 = Km S.a native
                    Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Vol.36, No.11,
                                      1997 (modified)
                                                                                      Position 61 and 68 have
                                                                                      roles in the functionality
                                        Ectotherms : Adaptation of
                                         enzymes to temperature                                                          12
UPVD
                               Study of LDH-A in barracuda
                                                                                                     Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




Which role have these position?                                      Site Directed Mutagenesis

                                                                                 Stability of the protein

                                                                         C-8 (clone of S.l with same amino
                                                                         acid in position 8 that S.a)

                                                                                 Same stability that S.a

                                                                                 Position 8 play a role in
                                  Increased
                                                                                 the stability
                                   stability




          Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry,   Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                         13
              Vol.36, No.11, 1997 (modified)
                                                     enzymes to temperature
UPVD
                                             Conclusion                              Université de Perpignan Via Domitia




                                  6 species of fishes in differents environment

                Peptide Mapping

                                                3 related species
           Protein sequence
               analysis
                                       Adaptative modification of LDH-A
Site Directed
Mutagenesis
                Position 8                         Position 61-68                 Position 223

                                  Independent

      Role in the thermal                            Role in the                   No role…

                stability                     functionality (kinetic
                                                    property)

  Important role of changes outside the active site for adapatation temperature
                                           Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                  14
                                            enzymes to temperature
UPVDUniversité de Perpignan Via Domitia




Thank you for your attention …
                                      I have my own
                                       adaptation to
                                           cold




         Ectotherms : Adaptation of                                      15
          enzymes to temperature

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Presentation nicolas puigmal_m1_bi_mopodd (2)

  • 1. UNIVERSITE de PERPIGNAN Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Expérimentales Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzyme to temperature Designed and Performed by : Nicolas PUIGMAL, Master 1 BIMoPoDD : Integrated Biology : Molecules, Population and Sustanaible Development
  • 2. UPVD Summary Université de Perpignan Via Domitia -Introduction : a review of existing knowledge -Study on LDH-A in Sphyraena -Conclusion Ectotherms : Adaptation of 2 enzymes to temperature
  • 3. UPVD Introduction : a review of existing knowledge Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Temperature Ion transport = ATP variation Protection and tissue reparation Ectotherms (HSP) Poor insulation http://www.arkive.org/ Low energy for Failure of evolution?? reproduction Ectotherms : Adaptation of 3 enzymes to temperature
  • 4. UPVD Introduction : a review of existing knowledge Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Failure of evolution?? No, absolutely not … Ectothermic metabolic in-between hot and cold Adaptation to their environment ? ? Protein concentration? ? Efficient proteins? Environmental modification? (pH) Ectotherms : Adaptation of 4 enzymes to temperature
  • 5. UPVD Introduction : a review of existing knowledge Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Study of enzyme kinetics Arrherius Km Kcat Adaptation to their environment by efficient protein George N. Somero, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 139 (2004) 321-333 (modified) Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzymes to temperature 5
  • 6. UPVD Introduction : a review of existing knowledge Université de Perpignan Via Domitia LDH-A : Lactate Deshydrogenase-A -many data on the function, structure, sequence -orthologs in many species : same substrate (pyruvate) and cofactor (NADH) Preserved active site - Determined by the nature of the amino Flexibility acids of the hinge Flexibility « door hinge » zone « door hinge » zone - Role of pH, osmolyte Stability Functionality Ectotherms : Adaptation of 6 enzymes to temperature
  • 7. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Study of the evolution of LDH-A in 6 species of Barracuda (genus Shyraena) Sphyraena argentea (Temperate north) S. lucasana (Subtropical) S. idiastes (Temperate south) S. ensis S. acutipinnis S. barracuda http://geographie.ens.fr/ Ectotherms : Adaptation of 7 enzymes to temperature
  • 8. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Experiments of LDH-A Extraction from white skeletal muscle : rich in enzyme Preparation of LDH-A by reductor and alkaline solution Native Native Denatured Denatured Denatured Denatured Digested Digested LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A LDH-A Modification Modification Dithiothreitol Dithiothreitol Trypsine Trypsine pH pH (break disulfide (break disulfide bridges) bridges) Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzymes to temperature 8
  • 9. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Resultats Sphyraena -Similar sequence between these three argentea species S. helleri S. lucasana -Differences due to adaptation S. ensis -Further studies with these three species S. idiastes S. barracuda Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Vol.36, No.11, 1997 (modified) Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzymes to temperature 9
  • 10. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Manipulation of LDH-A : RNAm All ARN Synthesis of cDNA : RNA : DNA : cDNA Guanidium Thiucyanate acid : protein (ex: RNAase) : Dynabead oligo dT : Reverse transcriptase Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzymes to temperature 10
  • 11. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 8 PCR amplification and sequencing 61 68 Deduced amino acid sequences of LDH-A Resultats 223 -1 difference between S.l and S.i: 8th position on the outside of the active site -S.a: 4 differences : 8,61,68 and 223 Ectotherms : Adaptation of Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Vol.36, enzymes to temperature No.11, 1997 (modified) 11
  • 12. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Which role have these position? Site Directed Mutagenesis Km S.a native Km S.l native Km S.l native = Km S.l Cloned Km C-8 Km S.a native Position 8 has no role in the functionality Km C-61-68 = Km S.a native Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Vol.36, No.11, 1997 (modified) Position 61 and 68 have roles in the functionality Ectotherms : Adaptation of enzymes to temperature 12
  • 13. UPVD Study of LDH-A in barracuda Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Which role have these position? Site Directed Mutagenesis Stability of the protein C-8 (clone of S.l with same amino acid in position 8 that S.a) Same stability that S.a Position 8 play a role in Increased the stability stability Linda Z. Holland and all, Biochemistry, Ectotherms : Adaptation of 13 Vol.36, No.11, 1997 (modified) enzymes to temperature
  • 14. UPVD Conclusion Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 6 species of fishes in differents environment Peptide Mapping 3 related species Protein sequence analysis Adaptative modification of LDH-A Site Directed Mutagenesis Position 8 Position 61-68 Position 223 Independent Role in the thermal Role in the No role… stability functionality (kinetic property) Important role of changes outside the active site for adapatation temperature Ectotherms : Adaptation of 14 enzymes to temperature
  • 15. UPVDUniversité de Perpignan Via Domitia Thank you for your attention … I have my own adaptation to cold Ectotherms : Adaptation of 15 enzymes to temperature

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Good morning, My presentation will focus on ectotherms and adaptations of their enzymes to temperature Bonjour, Ma présentation portera sur les ectothermes et les adaptation de leur enzymes à la température
  2. On introductions we will review existing knowledge on the adaptation of proteins. Then we discuss a study on LDH-A protein in Shyraena. Then we end up with a conclusion. Pour le plan nous parlerons en introductions nous ferons un examens des connaissances existantes sur l’adaptation des protéines. Puis nous parlerons d’une études faite sur la protéine LDH-A chez les Shyraena. Puis nous finirons par une conclusion.
  3. Ectotherms endure temperature variation (especially cold) that affects their metabolism: decreased transport of ions, and decrease ATP production. Cold requires protection and tissue reparation due to poor insulation of the body. All this, lowers the energy for reproduction. But then, are ectotherms failures of evolution? Les ectothermes (poissons, tortues et reptiles) subissent des variations de température (notamment le froid) qui affecte leur métabolismes : baisse des transports d’ions qui entraine une baisse de la production d ‘ATP. Le froid impose une protection et une réparation des tissus a cause de la faible isolation de leur corps. Tout cela baisse l’énergie pour la reproduction. Ainsi on peut se demander si les ectothermes sont des échec de l’évolution?!
  4. Absolutely not. Studies have shown that ectotherms of cold region have metabolic rates equal to those of ectotherms from hot regions, even similar to endotherms, thanks to adaptations to their environment. There are 3 possible adaptations : variation of the concentration of protein? Environmental modfication? Efficient proteins? Absolument pas. Des études ont montrés que les ectothermes de région froid ont des taux métaboliques égaux au ectothermes de région chaude, voir à aux endothermes. Cela grâce à des adaptation à leur environnement. Trois hypothèse sont présentes : variation de la concentration des protéines? Modification environnemental? Meilleur performance des protéines?
  5. The study of the kinetics of the enzyme( LDH-A, arrherius equation,Km and kcat) shows that the protein of cold species is more efficient at low temperatures than the ones of species from warm areas. L’étude de la cinétique d’une enzyme (LDH-A, via l’équation d’ arrhérius, le Km ou le Kcat) ont permis de monter que les protéines d ’ espèces de région froide avait des protéines plus performante a de faible température que d ’ autres espèce de région chaude. L ’ adaptation à donc permis de crée des protéine plus performante.
  6. Why use LDH-A.? There are many data on the function, structure and sequence of this protein. But more especially orthologs of this protein are present in many species. In addition, the substrate and cofactor are the same, and therefore the active site is preserved. The researchers then looked at areas called "door hinge" appart from the active site. They showed such an increase in the flexibility of these areas increased the functionality of the enzyme, but also lowered their stability. This would be due to the nature of the amino acids of the hinge, but also the pH and osmolytes. Pourquoi utiliser la LDH-A. Il y a beaucoup de données sur la fonction, la structure et la séquence de cette protéine. Mais surtout plus orthologues de cette protéine sont présent chez beaucoup d’espèces. De plus le substrat et le cofacteur reste le même donc le site actif est préservé. Les chercheurs se sont donc penché sur des régions dites « door hinge » loin du site actif. Ils ont montré par exemple qu’une augmentation de la flexibilité de ces zones augmenté la fonctionnalité de l’enzyme mais qu’a l’inverse ça baissé leur stabilité.. Cela serait du à la nature des acides aminés de la charnière, mais aussi du pH et des osmolytes.
  7. The study of Linda Holland focuses LDH-A in 6 species of Barracuda (genus Shyraena ). These 6 species live in different climates: temperate or subtropical L’étude de Linda Holland se penche sur la LDH-A de 6 espèces de Barracuda (genre Shyraena). Ces 6 espèces vivent dans des climat différents : tempéré ou subtropical
  8. The experiments begins by protein extraction from the white skeletal muscle, rich in enzyme. Enzyme is then purified and then treated with alkaline and reducing solutions A native LDH is denatured by a pH modification. Then the strongest links (disulfide bridges) are broken by the dithiothreitol. Finally, the protein isdigested with trypsin to obtain small peptide to be analyzed. Les expériences commence par l’extraction de l’enzyme du muscle blanc squelettique, riche en enzyme. Puis l’enzyme est purifier puis traité avec des solution réductrice et alcaline. La LDH-A native est dénaturé par une modification de pH. Puis les liaison les plus forte (ponts disulfures) sont cassé par du Dithiothréitol. Enfin la protéine est digéré par de la trypsine afin d’obtenir de petite peptide qui seront analysés.
  9. We obtain a peptide map of the 6 species with several peaks. We notice a strong similarity in the first three species, which is not found in the other three. The researchers decided to continue the study with these three species, saying that differences among these will be due to adaptation and non-random evolution. On obtient une carte peptidique des 6 espèces avec plusieurs pics. On remarque de forte similarité chez les trois première espèces qu’on ne retrouve pas chez les trois autres. Les chercheurs décident alors de continuer l’étude qu’avec ces trois espèces, en disant que les différences qu’il y aura chez ces derniers ne seront due qu’a l’adaptation et non au hasard de l’évolution.
  10. Researchers synthesize cDNA. For this, they purify their sample using guaridium acid to remove proteins (eg RNAase). Then they use Dynabead oligo dT which targets RNA with a polyA tail (mRNA). Finally they use reverse transcriptase to create cDNA. Les cehrcheurs synthétise de l’ ADNc. Pour cela ils purifient leur échantillon en utilisant de l ’ acid guaridium afi d ’ éliminer les protéines (ex ARNase). Puis ils utilisent du Dynabead oligo dT qui fixe les Arn avec une queue polyA et donc les ARNm uniquement. Enfin ils utilisent la réverse transcriptase pour crée de l ’ ADNc.
  11. This cDNA was amplified by PCR (with primers specific), sequenced and analyzed in order to deduce the amino acid sequence of the LDH-A. The result is the following: we observe four differences between the 3 species studied in position 8, 61, 68 and 223. All out off active site! One may ask then the role of these positions! Cette ADNc est amplifié par PCR (avec des amorces spécifiques), séquencé et analysé afin d’en déduire la séquence d’acides aminésde la LDH-A. Le résultat est le suivant : on observe 4 différences entres les 3 espèces étudiers en positon 8, 61, 68 et 223. Tous hors du site actif! On peut se demander alors le rôle de ces positions!
  12. To answer this question, site-directed mutagenesis was done by creating a clone and vector in bacteria (E. coli). The functionality of LDH-A is measured by Km at: S.argentea (native) S. lucasana (native and cloned) at C-8 (which is S.lucanasa with the amino acid of S. argentea in 8 position) and C-61-68 (clone of S.lucasana with the amino acid of S. argentea on position 61 and 68). The two species (lucasana and argentea have a Km different, stronger for argentea. Between the Km of S; lucasana and its clone are equal which proves the quality of cloning. The Km of C-8 is different and lower Km S . argentea we can deduce that the position 8 has no role in the functionality of the protein. But C- 61-68 Km is equal to S. argentea which means that the position 61 and 68 have a role in the functionality! Pour répondre à cette question, une mutagénèse dirigé est faite par la création de clone et de vecteur chez une bactérie (E.Coli). La fonctionnalité de LDH-A est mesuré par le Km chez : S.argentea (natif) S. lucasana (natif et cloné), chez C-8 (qui est S.lucanasa avec l’acide aminé de S. argentea en position 8) et C-61-68 (clone S.lucasana avec les acides aminés de S. argentea en position 61 et 68). Les deux espèces (argentea et lucasana ont un Km différents, plus forte pour argentea. Le Km entre S; lucasana et son clone sont égal ce qui prouve la qualité du clonage. Le Km de C-8 est différents et inférieur du Km de S. argentea on en déduit donc que la position 8 n’a pas de rôle dans la fonctionnalité de la protéine. Par contre le Km de C-61-68 est égal au Km de S. argentea ce qui veut dire que la position 61 et 68 ont un rôle dans la fonctionnalité!
  13. And position 8? Looking at the stability of C-8 (clone S; lucasana with the same amino acid position 8 that S. argentea) shows that this clone has a stability greater than S.lucasana and significantly close to S; argentea. So the position 8 has a role in the stability of LDH-A Et la position 8? En regardant la stabilité chez C-8 ( clone de S;lucasana avec le même acide aminé que position 8 que S. argentea) on constate que ce clone a une stabilité plus grand que S.lucasa et significativement proche de S;argentea. Donc la postion 8 a un rôle dans la stabilité de LDH-A
  14. In conclusion, the study ran from 6 species of fishes from different environments. By sequencing and analysis of LDH-A protein researchers were able to retain only three species having only adaptative differences. Directed mutagenesis identified these adaptive modifications. Position 8 has a role in the functionality, position 61 and 68 who have a role in thermal stability and position 223 does not seem to have a specific role. Changes outside the active site are therefore important in adaptations to temperature and environment. En conclusion, l’étude partait de 6 espèce de poissons de différents environnement. Par le séquençage et l’analyse de la protéine LDH-A les chercheurs ont pu ne retenir que 3 espèces ne présentant que des différences du à l’adaptation. Puis la mutagénèse dirigé à permis d’identifier ces modification adaptative. La position 8 qui a un rôle dans la fonctionnalité, la position 61 et 68 qui ont un rôle dans la stabilité thermique et la position 223 qui ne semble pas avoir de rôle particulier. Les modifications en dehors de site actif ont donc une importance dans les adaptations à la température et l’environnement.