Unit 4 Skeletal System

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Anatomy

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1

FUNCTIONS
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation


3

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY
[
]
• The adult skeleton has
206 bones
• Two basic types of
bone tissue

•

– Compact bone
• Homogeneous

– Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces


4

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY
[
]

Spongy bone is also
called cancellous bone


5

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE
[
]


6

Long bones
• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
– Examples: Femur, humerus


7

Long bones
Femur

Humerus


8

Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
– Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Carpals tarsals

9

Short bones
Carpals

Tarsals


10

Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
– Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, scapula


11

Flat bones
Skull

Ribs & Sternum


12

Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
– Example: Vertebrae and hip


13

Irregular bones
Vertebrae

Hip


14

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
[
]


15

• Diaphysis
– Shaft
– Composed of compact bone

• Epiphysis
– Ends of the bone
– Composed mostly of spongy (cancellous) bone


16

Gross Anatomy of
a Long Bone


17

Structures of a
Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering
of the diaphysis
Fibrous
connective tissue
membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
Secure
periosteum to
underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells
with nutrients

18

Structures of a Long Bone
[
]
•Articular cartilage (
)
•Covers the external surface
of the epiphyses
(

)

•Made of hyaline cartilage
(
)
•Decreases friction at joint
surfaces (
)

19

Bone Markings
• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
– Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
– Depressions or cavities – indentations

20

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Osteon (Haversian System)
– A unit of bone

• Central (Haversian) canal
– Opening in the center of an osteon
– Carries blood vessels and nerves

• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
– Canal perpendicular to the central canal
– Carries blood vessels and nerves

21

• Osteon (

)

–

•
–
–

osteon

•
–


22

[
]


23

[
]
• Lacunae
– Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
– Arranged in
concentric rings
• Lamellae
– Rings around the
central canal
– Sites of lacunae

24

[
]
•
–
(osteocytes)

–
•
–
–


25

[
]
• Canaliculi (

)

– Tiny canals (
)
– Radiate from the central
canal to lacunae (
)
– Form a transport system
(
)


26

Changes in the Human Skeleton
[
]
• In embryos, the skeleton
is primarily hyaline
cartilage (fetal skeleton)
• During development,
much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in
isolated areas
– Bridge of the nose
– Parts of ribs
– Joints

•

•

•


27

Bone Growth
[
]
• Epiphyseal plates allow
for growth of long
bone during childhood

•

– New cartilage is
continuously formed
– Older cartilage
becomes ossified

•

• Cartilage is broken
down
• Bone replaces cartilage


•
•
•

28

Bone Growth
• Bones are remodeled
and lengthened until
growth stops

•
•

– Bones change shape
somewhat
– Bones grow in width


29

Long Bone Formation and Growth
[
]


30

Long Bone Formation and Growth
[
]


31

Types of Bone Cells
[
]
• Osteocytes

• Osteocytes

• Osteoblasts

•

• Osteoclasts

•

– Mature bone cells
– Bone-forming cells
– Bone-destroying cells
– Break down bone
matrix for remodeling
and release of calcium

• Bone remodeling is a
process by both
osteoblasts and
osteoclasts

•


32

PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
[
]
•
•
•
•

Bones (skeleton) [
Joints (
)
Cartilages (
)
Ligaments (
)


]

33

TWO DIVISIONS [
Axial skeleton (
Appendicular skeleton (


]
)
)

34

TWO DIVISIONS


35

The Axial Skeleton
[

]

• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
(
)
• Divided into three parts (
)
– Skull (
)
– Vertebral column (
– Bony thorax (

)
)


36

The Axial Skeleton
[

]


37

The Skull [
• Two sets of bones (
– Cranium (
)
– Facial bones (

]
)

)

• Bones are joined by sutures
(
)
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint (
)

38

The Skull [


]

39

Bones of the Skull [


]

40

Bones of the Skull [


]

41

Human Skull, Inferior View
[
]


42

The Fetal Skull
[
]
Fontanelles (
)–
fibrous membranes
connecting the cranial
bones (
):
Allow the brain
to grow (

)

Convert to bone within 24
months after birth (
)

43

The Vertebral (Spinal) Column
[
]

• Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
(
)
• The spine has a normal
curvature (
)
• Each vertebrae is given a
name according to its
location (
)

44

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
[
]


45

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
[
]


46

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
[
]


47

The Bony Thorax
[
]

Forms a cage to
protect major
organs


48

The Bony Thorax
[
]

Made-up of three parts:
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae


49

Thorax


50

TWO DIVISIONS [
Axial skeleton (
Appendicular skeleton (


]
)
)

51

TWO DIVISIONS


52

The Appendicular Skeleton
[
]
• Limbs (appendages) [

]

• Pectoral girdle (
• Pelvic girdle (

)
)


53

Bones of the Upper Limb
[
]

The arm is formed by a
single bone (
):
Humerus (
)


54

[
]

The forearm has two
bones (
)
1. Ulna (
)
2. Radius (
)


55

[
]
• The hand (
– Carpals – wrist
(
)
– Metacarpals (
palm ( )
– Phalanges (
fingers (
)

)

)–
)–


56

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
[
]
• Composed of two
bones
– Clavicle – collarbone
– Scapula – shoulder
blade

• Allow the upper limb
to have exceptionally
free movement


57

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
[
]


58

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
[
]


59

Upper Limb


60

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
[
]
• Hip bones (
)
• Composed of 3 pair of fused bones (
)
– Ilium (
)
– Ischium (
)
– Pubic bone (
)
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
(
)
• Protects several organs (
)
– Reproductive organs (
)
– Urinary bladder (
)
– Part of the large intestine (
)

61

The Pelvis (

)


62

The Pelvis[
]:
Right Coxal Bone [


]

63

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

[

]


64

Bones of the Lower Limbs

[

]

The thigh has one bone
(
):

Femur (
thigh bone (

)–
)


65

[

The leg has two
bones (
):
Tibia (
Fibula (

)
)


66


[

]

The foot (

)

Tarsus (
)–
ankle (
)
Metatarsals
(
) – sole
(
)
Phalanges
(
) – toes
(
)

67

Arches of the Foot
[
]
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three
strong arches (
)
– Two longitudinal
(
)
– One transverse
(
)


68

LABORATORY DISCUSSION


69

Joints [

]

• Articulations of bones (

)

• Functions of joints (
– Hold bones together (
– Allow for mobility (

)
)
)

• Ways joints are classified (
– Functionally (
– Structurally (

)

)

)

70

Functional Classification of Joints
[
]
• Synarthroses (
(

) – immovable joints

)

• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
(
)
• Diarthroses (
joints

) – freely moveable


71

Structural Classification of Joints
• Fibrous joints

•

– Generally immovable
– Synarthroses

• Cartilaginous joints
– Immovable or slightly
moveable
– Amphiarthroses

• Synovial joints

•

•

– Freely moveable
– Diarthroses


72

Fibrous Joints
• Bones united by fibrous
tissue (
)
• Examples ( )
– Sutures (
)
– Syndesmoses
• Allows more movement
than
sutures (
)
• Example: distal end of
tibia and
fibula (
)

73

Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones connected
by cartilage
Examples
– Pubic
symphysis
– Intervertebral
joints


74

Features of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers
the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint


75

Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
– Lined with synovial membranes
– Filled with synovial fluid
– Not actually part of the joint

• Tendon sheath
– Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon


76

The Synovial Joint


77

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape


78



79

• Plane joints


80

• Gliding joints
– The articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly
curved
– Allow sliding or back-and-forth motion and
twisting movements
– Joints within wrist and ankle, as well as those
between the articular processes of adjacent
vertebrae
– Sacroiliac joints and the joints formed by ribs 2
though 7 connecting

81

• Hinge joint
– The convex surface of one bone fits into the
concave surface of another
– Elbow and the joints of the phalanges
– Resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits
movement in one plane only


82

• Hinge joint


83

• Pivot joint
– The cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring
formed of bone and fibrous tissue of a ligament
– Movement is limited to rotation around a central axis.
– Joint between the proximal ends of the radius and
the ulna, where the head of the radius rotates in a ring
formed by the radial notch of the ulna and a ligament
(annular ligament)
– Pivot joint functions in the neck as the heard turns from
side to side.
– The ring formed by a ligament (transverse ligament) and
the anterior arch of the atlas rotates around the dens of
the axis

84

• Pivot joint


85

• Condyloid joint
– The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the
elliptical cavity of another bone
– Joints between the metacarpals (bones of the
palm) and phalanges (bones of the fingers and
toes)
– Movements in different planes
– Rotational movement is not possible


86

• Condyloid joint


87

• Saddle joint
– Forms between bones whose articulating surfaces
have both concave and convex regions.
– The surface of one bone fits the complementary
surface of the other.
– Movements mainly in two planes
– Joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the
metacarpal of the thumb


88

• Saddle joint


89

• Ball & socket joint
– Consists of a bone with a globular or slightly eggshaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped
cavity of another bone.
– Allows a wider range of motion than does any
other kind
– Permit movements in all planes, as well as
rotational movement around a central axis
– Hips and shoulders

90

• Ball & socket joint


91

Kozier-Media-Flash-Joint Movement
• ....REFERENCE MATERIALSFUNDA by
KozierMediaFlashfuncclassifofjoints.swf


92

Types of Joint Movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Supination
Pronation
Eversion
Inversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Opposition


93

• Flexion
– Bending parts at a joint
so that the angle
between them
decreases and the parts
come closer together
(bending the lower limb
at the knee)


94

• Extension
– Straightening parts at a
joint so that the angle
between them increases
and the parts move
farther apart
(straightening the lower
limb at the knee).


95

Elbow flexion
and extension


96

• Hyperextension
– Excess extension of the
parts at a joint, beyond
the anatomical position
(bending the head back
beyond the upright
position)


97

• Dorsiflexion
– Bending the foot at the
ankle toward the shin
(bending the foot
upward)


98

Adduction
&
abduction


99

• Plantar flexion
– Bending the foot at the
ankle toward the sole
(bending the foot
downward).


100

• Abduction
– Moving a part away from
the midline (lifting
the upper
limb horizontally to form
a right angle with he side
of the body)


101

• Adduction
– Moving a part toward
the midline (returning
the upper limb from the
horizontal position to
the side of the body)


102

• Rotation
– Moving a part around an
axis (twisting the head
from side to side).
– Medial rotation involves
movement toward the
midline, whereas lateral
rotation involves
movement in the
opposite direction.


103

Rotation


104

• Circumduction
– Moving a part so that its
end follows a circular
path (moving the finger
in a circular motion
without moving the
hand)


105

Circumduction


106

• Supination
– Turning the hand so the
palm is upward or facing
anteriorly (in anatomical
position)


107

• Pronation
– Turning the hand so the
palm is downward or
facing posteriorly (in
anatomical position)


108

Elbow pronation
and supination


109

• Eversion
– Turning the foot so the
sole faces laterally


110

• Inversion
– Turning the foot so the
sole faces medially


111

Ankle inversion
& eversion


112

• Protraction
– Moving a part forward
(thrusting the chin
forward)


113

• Retraction
– Moving a part backward
(pulling the chin
backward)


114

• Elevation
– Raising a part (shrugging
the shoulders)


115

• Depression
– Lowering a part
(drooping the shoulders)


116

Opposition


117

Kozier-Media-Flash-Joint Movement
• ....REFERENCE MATERIALSFUNDA by
KozierMediaFlashmovementofjoints.swf


118

Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System
• At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
• Bones are joined by fibrous membranes –
fontanelles
• Fontanelles are completely replaced with
bone within two years after birth


119

Unit 4 Skeletal System

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