The document discusses several key aspects of genetics and inheritance: 1. It explains Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that demonstrated dominant and recessive genes and the patterns of inheritance. 2. It describes different patterns of inheritance such as incomplete dominance and sex-linked traits. 3. It discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology.

1. Inheritance and change: dna¤ characteristics and inheritance Grade 10 / 2011 life and living BIOLOGY Compiled by: Madre’ Nortje

2. A Brief Introduction to Genetics 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 2 A Brief Introduction to Genetics is a short documentary film created using motion graphics as the main visual component. It is a film that explores the history of genetics & genomics and the... 823 views since Aug 15, 2010submitted by: dmetzky ASSIGNMENT GOOD WEB PAGE: http://www.genomebc.ca/education/

3. A Brief Introduction to Geneticshttp://www.scivee.tv/node/20869 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 3 http://www.scivee.tv/node/20869

5. Homologous chromosomes exist as they have the same genes for particular characteristics at the same location on the chromosomes.

6. The zygote has two genes for each characteristic – one from each parent.Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 5

7. Gregor mendel 1822 -1884“Father of genetics” www.dobermann-review.com Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 6

9. GENETIC PEAS 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 9 Gene controlling the colour Pea plants with the alternate alleles CG dark green – incompletely dominant CY yellow – defective chlorophyll – unable to photosynthesize – die youngGenetic‑Coding.gif 200 × 349 - ... insight into the DNA of the pea, by unravelling its genetic coding. www.topnews.in www.topnews.in

11. CG CG Dark green

12. CG CY Light green

13. CY CY Yellow

14. Plants grown from Genotype CGCY X CGCY

15. Pea plants are self fertilizing – cross giving rise to Genotype seedCG CG : 2CG CY : CY CY

16. GENETIC BARLEY 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 11 www.southernbiological.com Gene controlling pigment Producing the alternate alleles A: Pigment produced – green (dominant) ‘a: No pigment – albino / or white (recessive)

17. GENETIC BARLEY TYPEhttp://www.albertabarley.com/barley 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 12 Plants grown from Genotype Aa x Aa Germinated seeds, can grow into AA – green Aa – green Aa – albino / white Plants obtained ratio – 3 green: 1 white

19. Family trees, showing the inheritance of particular characteristics from one generation to later generations.

20. DOMINANT GENE

21. A gene for a particular characteristic that completely hides or masks the alternative (recessive) gene.22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 13

23. A gene for a particular characteristic that is completely hidden or masked by the alternative (dominant) gene

24. ALLELES OF GENES

25. Alleles (a-LEELs): different forms of the same gene; each allele produces variations in inherited characteristics, e.g. eye colour22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 14

27. Homozygous (HO-mo-ZYE-gus): where the genes for particular characteristic are the same; a pure breeder

28. HETEROZYGOUS

29. Heterozygous (HET-er-o-ZYE-gus): where the genes for a particular characteristic are different; a hybrid22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 15 Characteristics and inheritanceDOMINANT AND Recessive genes

31. The Rr combinations of alleles is known as HETEROZYGOUS.Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 16

32. Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 17

34. Genotype (JEE-no-type): the type of genes possess in an organism (BB, BW and WW) for specific characteristic (pg. 131 – Black, White or Blue – grey feathers)

35. PHENOTYPE

39. SEX CHROMOSOMES

40. XX - female

41. XY - male

42. AUTOSOMES

44. ALLELE FOR COLOUR-BLINDNESS: 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 24 X CHROMOSOME

46. FERTILISATION: ♂ MALE ->♀ If a male sperm…. Containing X fertilizes an egg  female (XX) Containing Y fertilises and egg  male (XY) 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 26

47. Sex linkage Sex-linked genes - found on X chromosome and not on Y and vice versa. E.g.: Colour blindness Haemophilia Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 27

48. 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 28

50. Permanent changes in genes, they may be caused by exposure to a ->

51. MUTAGEN

52. Something that causes a mutation

53. KNOWN MUTAGENS

54. UV radiation

55. X – Ray

56. Agricultural and Industrial Chemicals22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 29

57. HANDOUTS TO be COMPLETE – Hand back on TUESDAY NEXT WEEK 1.Questions: How to find Your Learning Style 2. Online Questionnaire on Learning Styles http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html 3. How to make your own DNA Code Bracelet 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 30

58. Great news! You all NOW have the GREAT Opportunity to learn more about genetic disorders YOUR BIOLOGY Assignment!!!! Test what you know? Questions 2.2 p 135 Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 31 HOMEWORK: QUESTIONS 2.2 - P135

59. NATURAL SELECTION Selection of certain characteristics for survival in nature Organisms possess structural, functional and behavioural characteristics that enable them to survive in their environments Those that do not are less likely to survive and thus less likely to reproduce and not pass on those weaknesses Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 32

60. Just means change. Also the name given to the process whereby new life forms develop Influenced by such things as physical barriers (mountains, rivers, oceans) known as geographic isolation EVOLUTION Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 33

61. EVOLUTION If a species is separated by such, they may develop different adaptation so much so that they can no longer interbreed This is referred to as Speciation Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 34 EVOLUTION

62. EVOLUTION Best summarised in 5 points Variation exists within any population of organisms All organism face a daily struggle to survive and reproduce, whether to find mates, seek shelter/food, escape predators Those that are best able to survive and reproduce will do so Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 35

63. EVOLUTION Those that reproduce pass on the advantageous characteristics to their offspring Over time, the population will become better suited to its environment The theory of evolution can explain how plants and animals have gradually changed into new, different kinds over long periods of time Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 36

64. SUMMARY Questions Science grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 37

67. Evidence of locations

68. Evidence of past environmentsScience grade 10/DNA 22/05/2011 39

71. Comparative anatomy 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 42

72. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT: Steps to follow - Clear and Simple p 20 Grade 8 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 43

73. Revision: SCIENCE ALPHA TABLE(I)Date Updated: 18/05/2011 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 44

74. Revision: SCIENCE ALPHA TABLE (II)Date Updated: 18/05/2011 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 45

75. Revision: SCIENCE ALPHA TABLE (III)Date Updated: 18/05/2011 22/05/2011 Science grade 10/DNA 46