Harvesting technique, logistic problems/solutions/economy/ecology. By Henrik von Hofsten, Skogforsk, for woodenergyproject.eu

1. Past, current and future developments
of modern forest fuel systems
Henrik von Hofsten

2. Utilization of forest biomass in Sweden
23 %
Energy
46 %
Pulpwood
36 %
Paper & Pulp
Annual felling
16 %
94 M m3 Pulp chips
46 % 20 %
Sawlogs Sawn goods
10 % Bark & sawdust
8 % Traditional firewood
Source: Skogsindustrierna, 2003 och SCB/SKS

3. Low fruits are already taken
Small trees
Stumps
Slash
Fire wood
Bark Saw dust
Black
liquers

4. So, what do we do?

5. Technical development – stump lifter
2008 1978

7. Reduce transport costs

8. Net cost comparison
SKr/MWh
200
150
Soil handling
Transport
100
Comminution
Lifting
50
0
Normal New

9. Cost reduction of unrefined wood
residues in Sweden 1975-2003
Euro(2002)/MWh
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Cumulative use of biofuels (TWh)
Suorce: M.Junginger & Björheden 2005

10. Cost reduction in stump lifting 2006-2010
Costs,
Skr/MWh
160
140
120
100
80 Sites
60 Average/yr
40
20
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Accumulated area, ha

11. Environmental benefit
Input/output ratio – fossil vs. forest fuel
8,0
7,0
North sea oil
6,0
Percent of output
5,0 Soil handling
Transport
4,0
Comminution
3,0 Lifting
2,0
1,0
0,0
Normal New

13. Felling methods
m3/hour
20
15
10
5
0
Today Sweep Tomorrow

14. Felling methods
 Diameter 4-8 cm
 Yield per corridor
20-40 stems
 or 150-300 kg

15. Felling equipment
 Max. equipment weight 700 kg
 Min. height upper/lower
accumulation arms 55 cm
 Accumulating capacity
To accum 40 stems á 4 cm  0,078 m² or 30 cm dia
30 stems á 5 cm  0,09 m² or 35 cm dia

16. Profitiability in small dia. stands
m3/h
37,5
Yielded
30,0
stems/hour
22,5
15,0 Break even
7,5
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Diameter, cm

18. Surplus and shortage
areas
 Railways ?
 Logistic structure
– Terminals
Organization

19. Railway terminals

20. Logistics – what goes where and
when
Need for optimization software

21. Logistics on site – GPS can help

22. Productivity & fuel consumption

23. Effect of screen size
Change,
%
40
30
20
10
0 60 ˣ 40 mm
-10
60 ˣ 240 mm
-20
-30
Production Fuel consump.

24. Maintenance

25. Knife maintenance
35 Knife wear
30 180%
25 160%
20 140%
15 120%
10 100%
Production
5 80%
Fuel
0 60%
-5 40%
-10 20%
-15 0%
0 100 200 300
-20
New Bad Tonnes chipped

26. Other topics of interest
 Supply chain
 Logistics
 Transportation
 Certification FSC, PEFC
 Business and trade

27. Terminal solutions

28. Other topics of interest
 Supply chain
 Logistics
 Transportation
 Certification FSC, PEFC
 Business and trade

29. ODt
Oven dry tonnes
Many trade units = confusion
 MWh
 Ton dry
 Ton raw
 Hectare
 m3 loose chips
 m3 solid biom
 m3 solid round wood
 m3 solid ub incl. bark

30. Costs 2009
Slash Small diam. Round wood Stumps
To land owner 39 14 60 2
Harvest ̶ 41 14 43
Forwarding 33 26 19 25
Other 8 6 9 3
∑ at road side 80 87 102 73
Comminution 44 31 16 40
Terminal costs 7 6 12 8
Road transport 34 34 29 46
Administration 7 6 8 6
∑ at heat plant 172 165 167 174
All costs in SKr per m3loose

31. Thank you!
Henrik von Hofsten
heho@skogforsk.se