Mulberry and raspberry

2. Pawan Nagar
(M.Sc {Horti.} Fruit Science)
B.A College of Agriculture,
(Department of horticulture)
Anand- 388 110.
Anand Agricultural University

4. Botanical Name: Morus alba
Family: Moraceae
Origin: Northern china
Chromosome Number: 2n=28
1. Morus alba L. var. multicaulis
(Perr.) Loudon
2. Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.)
Ser.
3. Morus tatarica L.

5. Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous woody perennial
plant.
It has a deep root system.
The leaves are simple, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, entire or
lobed.
Plants are generally dioecious.
Inflorescence is catkin with pendent or drooping peduncle
bearing unisexual flowers.
Inflorescence is always auxiliary.
The chief pollinating agent in mulberry is wind.
Mulberry fruit is a sorosis, mainly violet black in colour.
Most of the species of the genus Morus and cultivated
varieties are diploid, with 28 chromosomes.
 However, triploids (2n=(3x)=42) are also extensively
cultivated for their adaptability, vigorous growth and quality
of leaves.

6. There are about 68 species of the genus Morus.
In India, there are many species of Morus, of which
Morus alba, M. indica. M. serrata and M. laevigata
grow wild in the Himalayas.
Several varieties have been introduced belonging to
M. multicaulis, M. nigra, M. sinensis and M.
philippinensis. Most of the Indian varieties of
mulberry belong to M. indica.
S-1, S-7999, S-1635, S-146, Tr-10 and BC-259
varieties are recommended for the hilly regions of
north and northeastern India.

7.  Mode of pollination: Cross pollination
 Mechanism of pollination: Through wind
Pistillate flowers.The staminate (male) flowers are more
compact than those of Red or Paper
Mulberry.

8. Male phase

9. Flower: Normally Dioecious; small, green catkins, male flowers narrow, 1
to 2 inches long; female flowers plump, 1 inch long.

10. Reported from the China-Japan Center of
Diversity, white mulberry,.
Japan has about 700 types of which 21 are
extensively cultivated.
Most important cv. grown in India is M. alba var.
muticaulis Loud., fast growing, adapted to field
culture, and giving high yield of large, tender, thick
leaves.

11. Survey, exploration, collection and introduction
of mulberry germplasm resources
CSGRC at Hosur has been aptly established in the year
1990 by Central Silk Board (CSB), Ministry of Textiles, and
Government of India under prestigious National Sericulture
Project.
It is the nodal agency for mulberry germplasm
management in India and recognised as National Active
Germplasm Site (NAGS) for mulberry by National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India
under Indian National Plant Genetic resources System (IN
PGRS).

12. CSGRC, Hosur so far conducted 46 survey and
exploration trips covering more than 50 districts
from Himalayan belt to Andaman and Nicobar
Islands covering forest areas, biosphere reserves,
national parks, back yards, kitchen gardens,
agricultural lands and farmhouses etc. and collected
516 diverse mulberry germplasm resources which
mainly belong to 4 Indian species.
Out of 4 species of genus Morus reported in India,
M.laevigata is distributed throughout India both
under natural and managed habitats and M. serrata
is confined to northwest India in wild condition. M.
indica and M. alba are mostly available in cultivated
forms .

13. The sericulture research institutes like
Central Sericultural Research and Training
Institute (CSRTI) at Berhampore (West
Bengal), Mysore (Karnataka) and Pampore
(Jammu and Kashmir) have started
collection of Morus species in Central
Himalayas, North-Eastern India, North-
Western Himalayas, Kumaon and North
Eastern India and Western ghats and Kerala.
All these germplasm resources are collected
and introduced in the field gene bank.

15.  Development of high yielding mulberry varieties
with quality leaves suitable to different agro-
climatic zones of India especially for southern
states.
 Developing mulberry varieties for productive
areas.
 Developing mulberry varieties for tolerance to
water stress under semi-arid condition.
 Breeding mulberry varieties suitable under
fertilizer and irrigation constraints.
 Developing mulberry varieties for disease
resistance with special reference to Root-rot and
Root-knot diseases.

16. 1.Selection
2.Hybridization
3.Mutation
4.Biotechnological Methods
5.Tisue culture

17.  Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a crop plant of economic
importanceinsericulture.
 Mulberry improvement through conventional breeding
has substantially contributed to the success of sericulture
industry.
 However, the application of biotechnology in mulberry
crop improvement holds a great promise especially in those
areas where conventional research has not achieved the
desiredsuccess.

18.  The biotechnological research in genome
characterization with isozyme and DNA markers,
micropropagation, regeneration from callus, somatic
hybridization, in vitro conservation technologies like
slow-growth storage and cryopreservation, genetic
transformation etc., have contributed to the success in
mulberryimprovement.
 Besides discussing the progress achieved so far in
mulberry biotechnology, the article also emphasizes
the future priorities in this direction both in terms of

19.  Challenges in improving mulberry productivity and leaf
quality
 IPR issues and biodiversity
 Mulberry breeding strategies for development of varieties
for diverse environments
 Screening and evaluation techniques for different abiotic
and biotic stress conditions
 Biochemical and Molecular techniques for crop
improvement
 Genetic enhancement of mulberry germplasm through
pre-breeding efforts

21. Botanical Name: Rubus idaeus L.
Family: Rosaceae.
Origin: Ide Mountains of Tukey.
Chromosome Number: 2n=14.

22.  Rubus is one of the most diverse genera of
flowering plants in the world, consisting of 12
subgenera, some with hundreds of species.
Three species with greatest horticultural
importance are recognized as:
i. Blackberry – “Rubus spp.”
ii. Red Raspberry – R. idaeus L.
iii. Black Raspberry - R. occidentalis L.

23.  Red raspberries are widely distributed in all
temperate
regions of Europe, Asia and North America with the
Greatest diversity in China, the likely centre of origin of
the subgroup.
 There are 15 recognized subgenera within Rubus; the
domesticated raspberries are part of the Idaeobatus
subgroup that contains more than 200 wild species.
 Cultivated red raspberries are derived mainly from
two
Subspecies of R. idaeus var. vulgaris from Europe and R.
Idaeus var. strigosus from North America.

24.  Cultivated forms of raspberries are very
different from their relatives.
 Wild forms produce large number of canes
that are shorter and thinner than the
cultivated forms.
 The cultivated forms produce large fruits
while the wild forms produce small, soft,
crumbly fruit with fewer but larger
drupelets.

25. Plants:
Raspberries are erect, semi-erect, or trailing, generally
thorny shrubs, producing renewal shoots from the ground
called “canes”.
The plants are perennial, composed of biennial canes
which overlap in age.
Individual canes grow vegetative for one year, initiate
flower buds in late summer, fruit the following summer,
then die.
The first year canes are called “primo canes”, and in the
second year when they flower, “floricanes”.
Within raspberries, black and purple have more
prominent thorns than red raspberries.
Leaves are palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets, the
middle one being the largest. Leaf margins are finely serrate.

26. Flower:
White to pink flowers (1″ diameter) are borne terminally
on current season’s growth.
Inflorescences are cymose, and some flowers are borne
singly in axils of leaves on fruiting laterals.
Flowers are initiated in late summer in biennial types,
early to mid-summer in primocane fruiting types.
The gynoecium consists of 60-100 ovaries, each of which
develops into a drupelet.
There are 60-90 stamens, five sepals and five petals.

28. Pollination:
Raspberries are self-fruitful and do not require
pollinizers.
Honey bees are naturally attracted to brambles, and
wind also aids pollination.
Fruit:
 The fruit is an aggregate of drupelets.
Fruiting begins in the second year of the planting, and
continues for >10 years if properly managed.
Fruit development occurs rapidly, taking only 30-50
days for most raspberries.

30. Rubus breeding is hampered by several genetic problems
including polyploidy, apomixes, pollen incompatibility
and poor seedling germination.
The highly heterozygous nature of the germplasm
requires evaluation of large seedling populations.
Breeding is based on a generation by generation
improvement in breeding stock through selection and
intermating individuals showing promise of producing
superior progeny.
This average improvement in the progeny of breeding
stock resulting from intermating selected parents is called
response to selection.

31. The core primary objectives in raspberry breeding
programmes include:
• High quality fruit.
• Good yield.
• Shelf life.
• Suitability for shipping, if for the fresh market.
• Suitability for mechanical harvesting for the
processing
Market.
• Adaptation to the local environment.
• Improved pathogen resistance.

32. Hybridization
• Interspecific hybridization between cultivated
raspberries and wild Rubus germplasm frequently
exposes a large numer of gene and chromosome
organization.
• This leads to a bewildering complexity of variation in the
segregating generations.
Mutation
• Spontaneous mutations for yellow fruit and large fruit
size have been reported.
• Two yellow fruiting mutations are ‘Kiwigold’ from ‘Heritage’
and ‘Allgold’ from ‘Autumn Bliss’.
• ‘Glen Garry’s’ large fruit size traces to a spontaneous mutation
of ‘Malling jewel’.

33. Rubus Conservation
Seed Storage Field Genebanks
In Vitro Methods
Micropropagation
Genetic Variation
• Cryopreservation
Markers and Their Uses in Rubus
• Morphological
Markers
• Molecular Markers
 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was the first DNA-
based marker developed.
 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and their variants
are the most commonly used PCR-based marker type.
 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is a DNA fingerprinting
technique based on the amplification of subsets of genomic restriction fragments
using PCR .