Presentation at the workshop on social and institutional dimensions of the Coral Triangle, Cairns, Australia, 2010.

1. 14 September 2010 Governing Large-Scale Marine Commons Pedro Fidelman Governing Large-Scale Marine Commons Pedro Fidelman

3. © Pedro Fidelman 2010

4. “ The Tragedy of The Commons”

6. © Pedro Fidelman 2010 Attributes Commons Local Complex Spatial Scale Small Large Nature of CPR Single Multiple and interlinked Rule-making Local Multiple level Nature of rules Informal norms Formal rules & informal norms Property rights Common-pool Multiple Management Single use Multiple uses Political actors Local community/few users Multiple actors and users Role of context Internal relationships Complex internal and external relationships

7. Walker et al., Science (2009).

8. The Coral Triangle

12. The Coral Triangle – Population & Culture © Pedro Fidelman 2010 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Timor Leste PNG Solomon Islands Colonisation Dutch British Spanish, American Portuguese German, British, Australian British Population (million) 240.3 25.7 97.9 1.1 6.1 0.6 Growth (% pa) 1.1 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.4 Main ethnic groups Javanese, Sundanese, several small groups Malay, Chinese, Indian Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano Austronesia (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan Melanesian: several thousand communities Melanesian Language Bahasa Indonesia, local dialects (e.g., Javanese) Bahasa Malaysia Filipino; eight major dialects Tetum, Portuguese, Indonesian Tok Pisin, English, and Hiri Motu; some 860 indigenous languages Melanesian pidgin; English; 120 indigenous languages. Literacy* (%) 90.4 88.7 92.6 58.6 57.3 - Predominant Religion Muslim Muslim Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Christian Christian

14. The Coral Triangle - Economy © Pedro Fidelman 2010 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Timor Leste PNG Solomon Islands GDP ppp ($ billion) 932.1 385.2 327.2 2.8 13.4 1.1 GDP per capita ppp 3,900 15,700 3,400 2,500 2,300 1,900 Growth rate (% pa) 5.9 5.1 4.6 12.8 6.3 7.3 GDP per sector (%): Agriculture 13.5 9.7 14.7 32.2 32.8 42 Industry 45.6 44.6 31.6 12.8 36.5 11 Services 40.8 45.7 53.7 55 30.6 47

16. The Coral Triangle - Governance © Pedro Fidelman 2010 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Timor Leste PNG Solomon Islands Legal System Roman-Dutch law English common law, and Islamic law (a) Spanish and Anglo-American law Indonesian law; TBR by Portuguese law English common law English common law Political System Republic, presidential Parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy Republic, presidential Democratic republic, premier-presidential Parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy (b) Parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy (b) , commonwealth Legislature Upper and lower houses Bicameral parliament; States have hereditary rulers (sultans) Bicameral congress Unicameral national parliament Unicameral national parliament Unicameral national parliament Judiciary Supreme court, without power of judicial review Supreme court Supreme court, court of appeals, Sandigan-bayan (corruption cases) Supreme court of justice Supreme, national, and local and village courts Court of appeal

18. The Coral Triangle - Governance © Pedro Fidelman 2010 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Timor Leste PNG Solomon Islands NRM Governance Decentralised Centralised Decentralised Centralised Customary Customary Administra-tive divisions 33 provinces, regencies, cities, sub-districts, village groupings 13 states, districts and mukims 17 regions, 80 provinces, 120 cities, municipalities, barangays 13 districts, subdistrict, sucos and towns, villages and hamlets 20 provinces, districts, local area govern-ments 9 provinces, 1 capital territory

20. capacity to formulate & implement policies

29. Can the “Tragedy of the Commons” be averted? ? Can the “Tragedy of the Commons” be averted?

34. © Pedro Fidelman 2010 ! WARNING THERE IS NO END GAME !