Cohesion: Referring to other parts of a text For more English tutorials, please visit: https://www.thelecturette.com

1. Cohesion: Referring to other
parts of a text.

2. Introduction
When writing reports or complex emails and
memos, it is often necessary to:
• refer back to an earlier part of the text
• refer forwards to something that is coming
later
• refer to visuals such as graphs or statistical
tables

3. Introduction
Employee Skills
It was stated in paragraph 3.2 above that in
our group of companies the majority of our
employees have a university degree or
professional qualification. The pie chart below
shows the current mix of employee skills. It
should be noted that only 20% of our work
force is unskilled.

4. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
described
explained above, this survey
As mentioned earlier, is extremely
indicated in paragraph 1.0 above important.
outlined

5. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
The above facts should be
above-mentioned considered carefully.

6. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
The facts mentioned above should be
considered carefully.

7. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
Please see paragraph 1.2 above.

8. Referring Forwards
We sometimes wish to indicate that we are
going to write about something later in the
email or report.

9. Referring Forwards
described
As explained below, the new product will be
mentioned launched in January.
indicated

10. Referring Forwards
The following procedure should be adhered to very
carefully.

11. Referring Forwards
as 1. survey carried out
The procedure is follows: 2. report to the principal officer
3. necessary action taken

12. Referring to Visuals
We often wish to draw the reader’s attention
to a visual or a statistical table.

13. Referring to Visuals
bar chart above, our share of
As the table on page 12 indicates the market
graph below has increased
pie chart substantially.

14. Referring to Visuals
above, shows
The table on page 12 gives the relevant figures.
below

15. Referring to Visuals
Please see the graph on page 10.

16. Referring to Visuals
bar chart our largest
As in the table below, markets are in
indicated graph South East
pie chart Asia.