This document summarizes descriptive research and action research. Descriptive research seeks to describe and interpret current conditions through analysis of variables and relationships. It aims to answer questions about what is happening now rather than making predictions. The basic steps are identifying a topic, selecting a sample, collecting valid data, and reporting conclusions. Action research is designed to improve practices by having practitioners systematically reflect on and implement informed actions to create change. It is collaborative and participative, with the goal of addressing a problem or issue. The process involves planning, taking action, observing effects, and reflecting on the results. An example of an action research project aimed to improve students' English test scores is described.

1. Descriptive Research
and
Action Research
By
1. Andreas Setyo ( 10420231 )
2. Tri Arianto (10420269 )
3. Tika Pungkasari (10420257)
4. Nur Rofiah Sophia (10420264)
5. Hardiani Vicky (10420277 )

2. Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research as the description and interpretation of
what is (Best 1977;116)
The term descriptive research refers to the type of research
question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given
topic.
It is concerned with conditions or relationships that exist ,
opinions that are held, processes that are going on, effect that
are evident, or trends that are developing.

3. The basic steps of Descriptive Research
An ordery scentific and desciplined research process, involving :
1. Recognizing and Identifying a topic to be studied.
2. Selecting an appropriate to be studied
3. Collecting valid and reliable data
4. Reporting conclusion

4. Descriptive Research : The Ex Post Facto Method
Descriptive research seek to find the answer to questions throught the analysis of
variable relationship.
Figure below show result of 28.780 trrafict accident in Sweden. In these accidents 98
percent of the cars were equipped with lap and shoulder belts. But only 25 per cent of
the drivers and 30 per cent of the front seat passenfer were using the belt. This is what
happened :
killed severely injuried slightly injuried
Drivers :
Among 6.870 using belts 2 51 175
Among 21.910 not using belts 37 263 835
Front seat passengers
Among 2.699 using belts 1 22 109
Among 6.032 not using belts 12 160 439

5. Somekh (1995) as quoted by Cohen,
Manion and Morrison (2007 : 298 ) :
Action research is designed to bridge
the gap between research and
practice, thereby striving to
overcome the perceived persistent
failure of research to impact,
improve, practice.

6. Action research is a form of
research in which practitioners
reflect systematically on their
practice, implementing informed
action to bring about improvement
in practice

7. Benefits of Action Research
• Focus on school issue, problem, or area of
collective interest
• Form of teacher professional development
• Potential to impact school change
• Reflect on own practice
• Improved communications

8. According to Nunan, he explained process research
cycle like that :
1. Initation
2. Preliminary investigation
3. Hypothesis
4. Intervention
5. Evaluation
6. Disemination
7. Follow –up

9. Characteristic Action Research
1. Situational,
2. Contextual,
3. Collaborative and participative between
teachers,
4. Self-educational nature,

10. Steps in Action Research
1. Planning
Identify a problem or issue and develop a plan of action.
2. Action
Researcher is doing the action based on what has been panned.
3. Observing
Documenting the effects of critically informed action
4. Reflecting
Reflection seeks to make sense of process, problems, issues and
constraints made manifest in strategic action.

12. Example
• Problem :
Nilai ulangan bahasa Inggris siswa kelas VII A di bawah KKM.
( Narrative)
• Planning :
a. Identify :
* Siswa kesulitan memahami bahasa yang
digunakan dalam teks
* Cara mengajar guru kurang menarik dan tidak komunikatif
b. Plan for action :
* Meminta siswa untuk menghafalkan 5 V2 dan
5 irregular verb ( setiap pertemuan )
* Merubah cara mengajar dengan menggunakan media (
gambar, video,…) dan menciptakan suasana yang lebih
komunikatif.

13. • Action :
Peneliti melakukan tindakan sesuai dengan
yang telah direncanakan.
• Observing :
* Siswa menajadi lebih mudah memahami
bahasa yang digunakan dalam sebuah teks
narrative
* Siswa menjadi lebih tertarik mengikuti
pelajaran
Siswa menjadi lebih mudah memahami materi
Suasana kelas menjadi lebih komunikatif

14. • Reflection :
* Menyusun kesimpulan penjalasan dan
pemaknaan, sintesis.
* Mengkaji apa yang telah dihasilkan
dari tindakan tersebut.
* Pengkajian terhadap keberhasilan atau
kegagalan yang telah ditetapkan pada
awal.

15. T H A N K Y O U