This is not the final magazine that was printed, 2 more articles were added later on.

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3
Message from the Chairman
I am overwhelmed with know the mission and vision
pleasure to have the first of our students. ORACLE
publication of our college has also expressed the
magazine ‘ORACLE’ in my hidden talents of students
hand. I would like to express which they could not show
my thank to the editorial board due to busy schedule of
for its excellent effort to teaching and learning during
materialize this magazine. the college hours.
I think ORACLE is the reflection Congratulations to editorial
of positive and creative team and all pentagonians for
thoughts of pentagonians on their excellent effort.
micro-scale and hope that it
would help our students, S.P. Singh
parents and well wishers to Chairman/CEO

4. 4
Directors Speak...
It is my great pleasure and pride to know that After the success completion of 2 glorious
our grade XII students of our college (1st batch) years, Pentagon is on the threshold of its 3rd
are on the path of publishing the first issue of year. Since its inception, Pentagon has strived
‘oracle’ magazine. to disseminate quality education in science,
management and humanities streams without
This magazine will provide an opportunity for
any compromise. The strength of the pentagon
all to share their experiences, thoughts
on which the students feel proud is the superb
and happenings on the college and off the
academic team.
college. I believe that this first issue of Oracle
would be very special for the family of Pentagon Good education begins in the classroom.
and well-wishers. Standard infrastructures and teaching methods
sharpen skills among the students to make
Dear parents and well-wishers, Pentagon
them competitive. At Pentagon, education has
international has been established in 2066B.S.
always been the top priority. We always groom
with an aim to provide quality education in the
our students as future doctors, engineers, IT
country. We proved the success of 2066 by
professionals, CA and undoubltly good citizens
obtaining 98% result in HSEB examinations and
of the country with respectable positions. For
our brilliant boy master Kshitiz Kr. Subedi topped
that we always develop the overall education
HSEB exam by obtaining 88.6%. Besides
process that guides the students to achieve
education, Pentagon has been the best college
receive their destination.
in sports activity too. We have won inter college
National SPA cup in 2066 at Dhangadhi and Pentagon has potential to generate its young
also claimed the first position in 2nd jaycees inter students shaping their minds to be architect of
college basketball competition in Lalitpur. These their own future. It makes foundations for
achievements have made all of us feel proud better education energizing them creative and
and we hope that our students will locally, constructive in what they do, think, and feel.
nationally and internationally do much better We the best and deliver the best.
in the days to come.
On behalf of the entire Pentagon family, I
Before I sign off , I would like to give my sincere would like to bid all the excellent students of
thanks to the editorial board and designers for Pentagon wishing them a wonderful and
their hard work they have put in bringing out prosperous future.
this first issue of ‘Oracle’. I hope readers will
Thank You.
enjoy going through this souvenir.
Arbind Keshari
With best wishes,
Academic Director
Jitendra Bahadur Chand
Science (Morning Shift)
Director, Administration

5. 5
Directors Speak...
It is my greatest honour and pride to state a Pentagon International College, a unique and
few words in the first issue of prized possession pious blend of people emerged with soul and
of Pentagon- “ORACLE 2011” accomplished mind, is established with a motto of supporting
by dutiful, hardworking pioneer students of our and cementing the process of overall
esteemed instituition. I am overwhelmed as development of the students, who are aspiring
Editorial Board have accomplished this the better and successful academic, practical
painstaking task excellently where they have and social skills with the help of quality
churned up the scattered and personal education that would enable them to be
experiences of the college life. sensible enough for their meaningful existence
in today’s complex and competitive world. In
It is well known that Pentagon boosts up the
the course, Oracle vol. 1, the publication on
creativity of students and provides various
behalf of our first batch students, may be a
platforms to brush up their skills along with
milestone to convey the complete efforts and
their studies. In this regard, ORACLE has given
activities that college has unleashed in order
a true platform for students to express their
to achieve the goal. In the meantime, it may
creativity and stand up in the crowd of
extend the same upto our valued parents,
thousands of students. It will definitely not be
esteemed well-wishers, and prospective
fallacious to verbalize ORACLE conveys an
students in order to facilitate all of us to build
excellent message to the successors.
correct perceptions about this institution.
Finally, I would like to extend my special thanks
Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Prakrit Nepal
to the editorial board, Chief Advisors and other
and all the other students, who have made
concerned members for their active
tremendous efforts to bring about this
participation to publish this magazine.
magazine in this form.
Thanking you all!
Sudir Jha Niranjan Kumar Acharya
Academic Director Academic Director
Science (Day Shift) Management/Humanities Stream
(Morning Shift)

6. 6
ORACLE
It gives us an immense pleasure to
bring out the first issue, the prized
possession of Pentagon International
Editorial
College- Oracle 2011
It was a herculean task to bring out
the first issue of ORACLE 2011.
Editorial committee had to take a
great responsibility and the road was
not easy for them. The plethora of
Patrons obstacles they faced was neither a
Mr. S.P. Singh piece of cake nor adventitious. Every
Mr. Sudhir Jha one of us had devoted time and
Mr. Arbind Keshari
passionately worked till the very end
Mr. Niranjan kumar acharya
overcoming all the hurdles only to
Mr. Jitendra Bahadur Chand
provide you with the best!
Advisory Board
Mr. Ravi Shrestha Creativity is neither by accident nor
Mr. Thaneshowor Basyal by chance. It is always the result of
Mr. Jagdish Gaire resolute commitment to excellence,
Mr. Bishow Karki repeated penetrating planning and
Mr. Atindra Dahal untiring effort. And ORACLE 2011
Chief Editor & Designer clearly depicts the creativity of
Prakrit Nepal pentagonians who have stood up to
get noticed in the crowd by exposing
Editors their creativity.
Damodar Bhandari-Nepali
Aayush Baral-English HATS OFF TO PENTAGONIANS!!!!
Team Editorial
We believe you will be joyous leafing
Sneha Dahal
Baburam Karki through the pages of ORACLE 2011
Manish Pandit
Ajeya Acharya
Rajani Keshari
Kshitiz Kumar Subedi With Best Wishes,
ORACLE 2011 Editorial Team

7. 7
My Pentagon
My Pride
Prakrit Nepal
Grade-XII ‘D9’
P
entagon– believe I am faking
where you. But nope! Just
excellence remember the last
prevails is two years, the true
neither only limited to dedication of
just a saying nor a teachers to make you
sarcasm. become able to stand
Undoubtedly, this is on your own feet and
the unrivalled truth. help you in every
This is what I figured step. I have realized
out in the last two what teachers have
years of my done to us and now
education in the time is yours to
pentagon. My do so.
admission to
pentagon was Let me share a few
adventitious. Located experiences, I along
at the heart and the with a couple of my
centre of the valley, it friends went through.
fulfills every We brought the idea
infrastructural of publishing a
requirement for a magazine by students.
student. In my last We didn’t expect the
two years in college to support us.
pentagon, I neither But fortunately,
got a chance to amazingly college
complain nor regret gave us full support
about joining a newly and teacher’s full
established assistance in this
institution. project we initiated.
Comprising of highly We even got a chance
experienced, to go on a research
qualified and leading academic professionals and trip to Pharping where the first hydro power plant is
astute managers, pentagon is the place which I located and where we questioned a couple of high
highly adore. Inspiring students for doing productive ranking officers. This was only possible due to
works and accepting and implementing the new complete support, assistance and dedication of the
ideas of new minds of students is one of the best college administration.
things I have found in this college. Pentagon
As a guy highly interested in novels, I found pentagon
promises the five basic human values viz truth, right
library stored with a lot of books of different genres
conduct, peace, love and non violence. The teachers
including text books. I was able to entertain myself
have ensured that students get all these values. A
with a lot of best seller novels. This was an
lot of my friends from other colleges are too envious
overwhelming experience to get to read such great
for what our teachers have done to us. They
books all in a place. It takes days and days to
satirically say that our teachers work more than
describe about our college pentagon. Once again
students. This makes me think over my college
ponder upon the things I stated. I always say and I
again and my wonderful teachers. I come to a
strongly believe you will say too
conclusion that, definitely our teachers are the most
dedicated and hard working among all. You may "MY PENTAGON, MY PRIDE"
If you create something, you must be something. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

8. 8
Short story
A Lassie in a Wood
Ravi Shrestha
Department Of English
westward. Having lost the
patience to control himself,
he firstly paddled into cool,
white and winding shallow
water and then dived into
the deep water. As it was
the noon of April, swimming
became a great temptation
for him.
Hardly had he come
out of the river when his
eyes caught sight of a
damsel. The sight of her
made his day.
She had long black hair
and a round white face
having long white legs. She
was tall and slim dressed in
brief denim short and what
looked like a liberty bodice.
Her snow white teeth and
round big black eyes made
a perfect harmony with her
L
eaving the hustle and bustle of Kathmandu, he beauty. Her face reflected the rustic look and
came to his uncle's house at Sankhu, which is upbringing but divine beauty. Her posture reminded
a historically, culturally and religiously him the girl harvesting with a sickle in Wordsworth's
important small Newari town, reflecting the poem 'Solitary Reaper' since she was cutting grass
Newari culture. The town is situated in the middle of with a sickle in the wood up the river singing a
the tiny valley Sankhu surrounded by beautiful green Newari song. He felt the the place like elysium.
smiling hills. It is well known by Salinadi. As their eyes met, she blushed. However, her look
His uncle whose name was Bhaikazi Shrestha had had a silent invitation.
a grocer's shop. However, agriculture was his sheet- 'Good afternoon, Miss', he said gazing upon
anchor. Having arrived he felt that his uncle and her face.
uncle's family were overwhelmed with amazement 'Good afternoon', stammeringly she replied,
and pleasure, for he hadn't visited them for years and accumulating her courage.
he was also an apple of their eyes. 'Where do you live?', he said. But, before she
After having a sumptuous lunch that included replied, she had heard a male voice.
Yomari and Samebagi, he along with his cousin 'Where are you, Rohan?', his cousin called him
(Gajendra) and cousin's neighbouring friend from the river down the forest..
proceeded to the Salinadi for a swim. Carrying When he turned his eyes towards her, she
swimming costumes, a soap, shampoo and a towel vanished from his sight like a flash of light kindling
they reached the Salinadi, whose murmuring sound the flame of love in the fathom of his delicate heart.
had been his nostalgia living in Kathmandu. There 'I'm enjoying the sweet fragrance of flowers
was a beautiful wood up the river in the eastward. coming from the wood', he lied.
The plain land lush with potato plants was in the Soon they were at home. His condition was now
A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. - Sir Francis Bacon

9. 9
on him. When he met her, he felt as if
her eyes were expecting him since she
looked as though she had been waiting
for him for ages.
Next day he with them set for
Melamchi for a week. The natural beauty
of Melamchi was mind blowing and
superb for the visitors. However, he
remained unmoved, and unaffected as
he had left his soul behind at Sankhu.
During his stay at Melamchi, he was
quiescent. He felt as if only his physical
presence had been with his uncle.
The news of return trip to Sankhu
next day intensified his delirium in the
hope of meeting his beloved damsel in
no time. While the bus was rolling down
the road through the dense forest of
Jarsingh Paubwa, a cool breeze with
sweet fragrance of wild untrodden
flowers such as chrysanthemum, red
rose, jasmine etc. and the wild trees
such as pine, cypress, cactus etc entered
the bus through the window. The bus
was bumping as the road was only
graveled. All of a sudden, the driver
jammed the brake since he saved the life
of a herd of wild hogs that crossed the
road enjoying becoming carefree and
indescribable and mysterious.He did not know unaware of human intrusion in the forest.
whether he was mad or sane sleeping or walking. By and by the bus crossed the Salinadi. While it
However, his countenance showed alacrity. He didn't was rolling and passing through Lapsifedi village on
bother to feel the presence of his uncle and others, the bottom of the hill by the Salinadi, his eyes caught
but the memory of the tall, slender lass remained in sight of a girl who was dressed exactly like her and
his mind. He felt as though he had known her for was climbing the hill heading towards the Bajrayogini
ages. He was staring at the window being unaware temple situated at the top of that hill. No sooner had
of the variety of dishes he was offered. In his revery, he noticed her than irresistible and irrevocable
the sweet smell of delicious dishes couldn't draw his desires of meeting her evoked in his heart.
attention towards them. Instead he looked as if he Therefore, making sudden pretence, he got down the
had been pondering over something. When his aunt bus as soon as it had been stopped. By then it had
interrupted, he noticed that all of them were looking been 12:30pm. He remembered the quotation 'If
at him with awe, fear and smile. wishes were horses, beggars would ride them.' He
Late in the evening he had his dinner in howlingly longed to have a wing to meet her flying in
domesticity. He didn't know why he couldn't enjoy the the twinkling of an eye. However, in the mood of
flavor of dishes even though it was very tasty. After revery and fancy, his pace increased. The higher he
he had had dinner, he went to bed pretending to have climbed the hill, the faster his heart beat. His
been tired of strolling throughout the day. He lay in excitement was quite uncontrollable and unavoidable
bed, closed the eyes and endeavored to sleep, but by as his love for her was inexpressible.
and by all the scenes he had seen throughout the day The trail passed through a dense wood. A pair of
started appearing and moving in front of his eyes as doves were cooing on a bough of a tall poplar tree by
if they had been filmy scenes. the trail. A pheasant suddenly crossed the trail. A
William Shakespeare rightly says in one of his jackal appearing out of the burrow down the trail
poems that the lunatic, the lover and the poet see the chased the pheasant, but in vain. However, being
beauty of Helen in the sky. Her gaze, the elegant, unaware of it and in the frenzy state of revery, he
exquisite posture, simple but attractive dress, was striding along the trail through the wood when
beautiful hair, full lips, a complete set of teeth he heard footsteps ahead and eventually he
produced an unforgettable and seductive impression discovered her a few yards ahead walking towards
You will be able to do many great things, but only if you allow yourself to be held in someone’s.

10. 10
the temple. Hearing his foot steps behind, she 'Shall I show you the beautiful landscapes Sankhu
stopped and gazed at him. After he had come closer, is endowed with?', she said, smiling shyly.
he had a strong sense of closeness and his eyes Her shyness reflected her captivating nature that
rested on her. He found that she had the same really penetrated into his heart. He felt hypnotized
irresistible beauty, attraction and temptation that he and followed her with undying delirium of romance
had observed in her before. and love. In such a state he sensed that they had
'Where do you come from?' he said, panting been made for each other. They went to
and sweating. Ghumarchowk situated at the top of the hill above
'I come from the hamlet situated at the hill across Bajrayogini temple. Her being with him there
the Salinadi,' she said. Then she smiled. enhanced the beauty of the surrounding.
'What's your name?' he asked. Thus, the days rolled on pleasantly. His college
'Lasata Byanjankar', she replied. had started. But, he bypassed it. However, his uncle
Then she looked at him with her seductive eyes and uncle's family were surprised and worried about
and asked, 'Have you come from Kathmandu?' his health as he had grown thinner than before. They
'Of course, I have', he said. asked where he used to be busy throughout the day.
'So, you are not familiar with these areas, aren't As his answer was unsatisfactory, his cousin became
you?' she asked. suspicious and determined to follow him secretly.
He said, 'No, I am not because I have been here It was a wretched Saturday midday. His cousin
since we last met in a wood by the Salinadia.' followed him to the river but hid behind the hillock.
As he was carrying a camera, he grabbed her in While he was talking to her, his cousin was filled with
his camera taking her several snaps in different fear and surprise as he couldn't see anybody there
postures. except him. He scampered to his home and told his
He felt an ecstasy while he was photographing father about what he had seen.
her. But, she expressed her compulsion to leave He had only just returned when his uncle and aunt
promising to meet him again. Reluctantly, he had to asked him about it. He tried to conceal but because
let her go and he watched her till she disappeared in of their persistent questions, he could no longer
the wood eastward. conceal it. So, he revealed his love story. Hearing it,
Next day he rushed to the wood as soon as he his uncle told him that his beloved was none but a
had had lunch. The sighing of breeze sounded like roaming spirit as he had heard this from some old
her presence. The murmuring and gurgling water in people of Sankhu.
the Salinadi produced him an undying and everlasting According to the story, years ago a lassie from the
sweet musical note. Despite the fact that the sun was very area fell in love with the son of a land lord. But,
glaring in the sky, he didn't feel hot because tree after her lover had married another girl from Banepa
shades had covered the wood and whispering sound because of his parents' insistence and pressure, the
of the cool colonnade gave unforgettable freshness only remaining alternative for her was to commit
and pleasure. Before while, he heard the shuffling of suicide. Hence, she committed suicide diving into the
feet approaching near. It was she. Salinadi. Since her thirst for love was not quenched,
it went on roaming. Some villagers say
that her spirit has been seen roaming
crossing the river, walking through the
woods, climbing the hill etc. The oldest
man of the village, Govinda Man
Shrestha told his uncle about it.
Besides when he developed the film,she
did not appear.
Despite the revelation of her being a
spirit, he was unable to believe that she
was really a spirit.Therefore, in the hope
of meeting her, he again secretly visited
the place many times but in vain. He
didn't know how in the modern world
people still believe in the appearance of
spirits. From the inner part of his heart,
a voice came time and again that she
existed. Hence, he visited the place
again & again. But he never saw her
again. He never saw her again.
The most important part of you will always be what is inside.

11. 11
Creativity of
Physics Students Akhilesh Kumar Singh
Department of Physics
For Society
P
hysics is the study of laws that governs nature light wave is seen as being static (according to Galileo”s
and natural phenomena. Creativity in the arts is relative theory), then is it also a wave?(electric and
characteristically intensely personal and reflects magnetic field of light vary with time according to Max
both the feelings and the ideas of artist. By well’s theory).
contrast, physics creativity is always constrained by self
consistency, by trying to understand nature and what is Associational thinking:
already known. Creativity is domain specific. That is
New ideas cannot be derived from nothing. They are
creativity in art or in literature may be different from
invented by combining or connecting new information
that which is found in physics. Creative students require
with extant ideas. Associational thinking plays an
high level of logical mathematical and natural
important role in discovering new ideas from other ideas.
intelligence.
There are two types of associational thinking: similarity
I would like to suggest all the students to develop three based thinking and non-similarity based thinking.
types of thinking for physics creativity: divergent,
To encourage similarity based reasoning with physics
convergent, and associated thinking.
contents, the following question can be used: ‘Find
Divergent thinking: many similarity between faraday’s law and Hook’s law.
Students may answer that (1) two shapes of coil and
This type of thinking is important for physics creativity spring, used in faradays law and Hook’s law
because it can be characterized by ability to produce respectively, are similar to each other (2) both try to go
numerous and diverse ideas. back to their original state or(3)the laws are about
electromagnetic phenomena because restoring force in
For instance: Kepler changed conventional belief that
Hook’s law is generated by electric attraction or
orbits of planets were circular into idea of elliptical orbit.
repulsion between molecules.
Now kelper’s challenge is natural to us. But no Bolder
exercise of imagination was ever required. Kelper dared Not types of all associational thinking are based on
to “pull the pattern” away from all the astronomical similarity. Connecting or combing two ideas, even
thinking there had ever been. though they are not shown as sharing any similar
properties with each other, can also lead to new ideas
Therefore we can say that divergent thinking plays an
or novel products. For instance, combing a wine glass
important role in the course of generating new scientific
with a liquid crystal thermometer can make a new wine
discovery itself.
glass indicating the proper temperature at which to
Convergent thinking: drink wine.
While divergent thinking corresponds to widening At present context of Nepal, students should follow the
spreading out thoughts, convergent thinking can be following formula that has just come out into the world.
characterized with three features: coherence, synthesis,
P+C=A2
and simplicity. Recognition of the presence of
incoherence can play a significant heuristic role which Physics + creativity = answer X advancement
may lead to the discovery of new ideas and revision of
previous models by virtue of an effort to eliminate it means there are answer and advancement where
incoherence. When coherence fails, the potentially more physics meets creativity.
cognitive processes are triggered and as a result, this
incoherence can lead to new discovery. Of course, to understand the physics creativity more
completely, the role of personal characteristics such as
For instance: Einstein’s special theory of relativity was openess, autonomy or self confidence and so on, the
initiated from the following thoughts experiment role of social environment or educational support and
conducted at 16 years of age: what would be the the role of intrinsic / extrinsic motivation should be
consequences of running along side a light wave? If discussed more widely.
Happiness resides not in posessions and not in gold; the feeling of happiness dwells in the soul. -Democritus

12. 12
The Mourning Living With Tears
morning crowd
Dipendra Adhikari Mathbar Singh Raut
Department of English Department of Physics
The crowd is mourning in the morning Each morsel soaked with tears
in the deathless death Each steps quivered with fears
everyone seems vain in a crowd I think, I can’t really bear
suppose! The poignant tragedy of my dear.
They have won the death.
One second prolongs as a year
Death of race All nights crawl with tears
He has stopped the marathon An agony that I have to rear
Sweet, blood and salt Gifted to me by my dear.
Forgive him forever and ever
You don’t know how I am here
All the clouds gather on the death And I don’t know how you are there
Rain the tears as if it is remorseless What stopped us to share?
Oh my god! The burns of heart flare.
Give him the space there!
Though in spite of a great space. Always in the evening, I stare
At dimmed sun with no glare
It is a postulate Then I used to be drowned to despair
And the ghost poltergeist I died, that my heart declares
Don’t politicize the deathless
Death….. Not a single day comes fine and fair
Be aware all leaders For me to soothe and care
And Anyway I am person "living with tears’’
people for the future race. Toppling through eyes in a pair.
In the hopes of reaching the moon men fail to see the flowers that blossom at their feet. -Albert Schweitzer

13. 13
Love ‘a mystery’ Prabhat Kayastha
Grade-XII ‘D9’
Today’s morning has added dew of charm in each rose
But I didn’t find that beauty to propose
Because it was only a dream
Only a pleasant and heart touching dream
At the very outset I would
Like to thank lord almighty God
For providing us such a life in
Which a person can laugh, cry, joke
And do everything whatever they like
But at the very end I would
Like to ask a question to God and then to you
“What is love?????”
Not a love between parent and their child
Or love between any two relatives
Or friends but a love between
A boy and a girl
Which makes them
Somewhere passive
Ten Excuses For Not
Doing Homework
1. I knew I had to do it. But I didn’t know I had to
bring it.
I saw a girl, beautiful and pretty
2. My mother wrapped my father’s tiffin in it.
Like an angel of heaven’s entity
3. You asked us to save papers to save trees. So,
Meeting her at the door and glancing at the corridor
I didn’t do the homework to save the whole
Made me fall in love more and more
forest.
4. My ecologically conscious brother recycled it.
My heart beats for her
5. My mother kept it in the puja room, so that
My path leads to her
God could bless it. But by morning, God still
My wish only goes to her
hadn’t blessed it. So, I couldn’t bring it.
Because I love her and only her 6. Last night I did my homework so well that I hid
it somewhere so that no one could steal it. But
Every sunset has a call of sunrise in the morning I couldn’t find it.
Every man has a call of his bride 7. I kept thinking about doing it and when I woke
But I have recall of only that pride up, it was morning.
Whose face is brighter than star 8. I had done it so well that my father took it to
And whose voice sounds sweeter than the guitar his office to show his friends what a clever son
he had.
Peacocks are dancing in the rain 9. My dog wanted to chew it up and you told us
Dragons are playing in the lain to be kind to animals so I let him.
Prawns are murmuring in the drain 10. My father forbade me to watch TV and do my
But I am bounded by the feeling of love with that girl homework at the same time, so I sacrificed
Who comes in my mind time and again. my homework.
There is only one person who could ever make you happy, and that person is you. -David Burns, Intimate Connections

14. 14
A ray of hope
Manish Kharel
Grade-XII ‘D1’
There was a time, I’d nothing except my tears Bound with the chains of afflictions with criticism
Deserted by love & victimized by despair Finally, she marched back to me with the same altruism
For me, It was such an age, bred by the nightmares
As she was compelled to give up her feelings of care "True Love Never Dies" is the truth I fully adore
I’ve realized how much her love is so pure
To the world around, my sorrows were all concealed If I know something, its only because of her
Those dreams, those wishes, on the verge of being shriveled I wish I could hold her in the warm embrace for years
I had only just decided my survival innovation
When a glimpse of hope sparked with our reconciliation Being addicted to her love, I appreciate this addiction
Even the death can’t end my love and this relation
Though I’d already beheld, I let her mention Now, it feels like I’ve made reincarnation
How she had grudgingly stepped for such segregation Successing out of such a desolate age of agitation!!!
Fortify yourself with contentment, for this is an impregnable fortress. -Epictetus

15. 15
Know your phobia The charm of
friendship
Prakriti Chalise
Grade-XI ‘D9’
1. Fear of heights : Acrophobia I can’t think of one, other than my friend;
2. Fear of wide open places : Agoraphobia Who’s like sun in the winter, and umbrella in the rain.
3. Fear of mankind : Anthrophobia She smiles when I smile, cries when I cry
4. Fear of lightening, When I give up hope, she says "just try".
thunder & storm : Astraphobia
5. Fear of books : Bibliophobia She makes me smile even when I am in great pain
6. Fear of hands : Chirophobia Now, I have got her, I have nothing else to gain.
7. Fear of closed, Of all the friends in the group, she's the best;
confined places : Claustophobia When I am with her, I just forget the rest.
8. Fear of trees : Dendrophobia
9. Fear of work : Ergophobia She’s just like an angel, with a heart of gold;
10. Fear of women : Gynephobia The importance of her friendship can never be told.
11. Fear of blood : Hematophobia Oh god! If you are listening to me all this time;
12. Fear of being alone : Monophobia I pray she will always be the closest friend of mine.
13. Fear of darkness : Nyctophobia
14. Fear of crowd : Ochlophobia
15. Fear of children : Pedophobia
16. Fear of light : Photophobia
17. Fear of fire : Pyrophobia
18. Fear of food : Sitophobia
19. Fear of hair : Trichophobia
20. Fear of number 13 : Triskaidekophobia
21. Fear of foreigners : Zenophobia
22. Fear of animals : Zoophobia
Action may not always bring happiness; but there is no happiness without action. -Benjamin Disraeli

16. 16
I DON’T LIKE U Born to be happy
Archana Prasai
Grade-XII ‘D10’
Dilip Kumar Shah Abhor me, swore me and destroy me
Grade-XII ‘D5’ But I will never mind
‘coz I have that beautiful light
Even though I am blind.
Scold me, spit at me, and smash me
Rape my every brain cell.
BRIDGE COURSE ubf{ v]/L d]/f] e]6 eof] pgL;“u I’ll be happy till my last leg
‘ coz I find happiness everywhere.
3'ndLn eO{ FRIENDSHIP ug{ rfx] d pgL;“u
Hate me, play with me, and ruke me
‘ coz I failed the final test.
;'Gb/, zfGt / lgZrn :jefj lyof] pgsf] But that’s alright, the God says
HELLO HI uyL{ t/, s'/f slxNo} ub}{GyL dgsf] My heart is the best.
I’ve not you, but the world
x]/fx]/ ;w}“ x'GYof], sfkL ;f6f;f6 klg x'GYof] And million dollar song.
I can hear everybody
t/ To;df dgsf s'/f x}g, Chemistry sf] reaction x'GYof] Even though I am dumb
World calls me a liar, a thief
PENTAGON sf] seminar df hf“bF To;s} 5]pdf a;]“
And you a royalty.
PHONE NUMBER kfOG5 ls eGg] cfzf klg u/] But whatever, I ain’t gonna mind
‘ coz I am born to be happy
Ps lbg labf ePkl5, To;s} kl5 nfu]5' ‘ coz I am born to be happy
p;nfO{ s] eGg] xf] eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg nfu]5'
yfxf 5}g s] s'/f eof] d]/f] pm;“u
emf]ls“b} I DON’T LIKE YOU egL pm d;“u
;+of]un] jf b'ef{Uon], College k/]5 Pp6}
s'/f ug]{ Plan klg w]/} agfP, t/ sfd nfu]g Pp6} .
Happiness is where we find it, but rarely where we seek it. -J. Petit Senn

17. 17
Structure of Social Change
and Modernity in ‘Aaimai Sathi’.
Atindra Dahal
Department of English
Q
uest of social change is universal norm and Carrying Un- inherited and Multiple Professions
only the constant truth in this capricious The central character ‘I’, in essay, is proponent to
world. Individual, family and nations or highlight social changes because of un- inherited and
states, all entities are fond of change; and multiple professions. Traditionally people would follow
they have been restlessly working for that. Entire the profession practised by their forefathers and would
attempt of all sides, from pre-historic time to peak regard as mandatory one. Usually following un-
of civilization, are for changes and in thrust of inherited or various professions by same are one of
changes. In plain, changes and modernity or change indexes to change cum modernity. The text is quite
for modernity has been buzz word and area of dumb about his parental occupation but the protagonist
concern to the whole globe. Assuring changes and is holding such jobs, which are more used to with
failing to assure it have marked the individual’s, modern people; and he simultaneously holds multiple
society’s or nation’s step towards progress and peril professions as well.
respectively. Hence, social change and modernity are
inseparable apparatus of progressive social Even the participation in politics and literature are
advancement these days. supposed to be in access only to the people of modern
age. Expression of character I: "Since a long time has
Change is defined as: "to become new." (Dictionary: gone of being involved in literature and politics.
243). Being in new through changes is base of (Sharma: 19) and "People there would know me as
modernity. "Modernity must be understood, in part columnist because my articles would be published in
at least, against the background of what went before" Newspaper, I had written books. People would respect
(Britannica). Such newness, dismantled structures and me and shake hands while they would find me in political
being different than of before, can be easily traced and cultural programmes" (Sharma: 5) make clues of
and empirically watched in various fields i.e. culture, society heading at changes and advancement. Before
politics, level of consciousness and society. Similarly democracy, involvement in literature and politics were
to the notion about modernity: "The school predicts banned and regarded as punishable jobs. In such
decline of traditional values and their placement with situation, narrator’s involvement in literature and
new modern values" (Inglehart and Baker 20), many politics, clearly, indicate freedom, which was very
new changes have taken place in different spheres tangible and empirical social change and signal of
of Nepali society that questioned old system and modernity at that time, from long restriction imposed
proved those null. Besides such in practices, empirical by Rana regime.
mutations, structure or feeling of social change can
be equally noted or projected in literary stuffs as well.
In short, Nepali society, too, since the time of Female Consciousness
origination, is heading towards change and attempting The concept of structural social change is equally
to sense something new. The same feelings about supported by, new and different consciousness; that is
indications of change and initiation of modernity in consciousness of female that the central character is
our society are well reflected in Sharma’s essay holding. In ancient and medieval phase of Nepal: history
‘Aaimai Sathi’. of women was negated. Male rationality was measuring
rod and decisive for each and every task. Role of women
This essay titled "Aaimai sathi" by Shyam Pd Sharma, was demeaned and derogatively explained. They were
published in 2014 BS in spectrum ‘Ta, Timi, Tapai, only understood as to quench thrust of lechery and feed
Hajur’, is brimmed with the points and proofs to vouch breast to baby. Presence of women on social and critical
base of social changes for modernity. cases were neither practised nor entertained but
A wise man learns by the mistakes of others, a fool by his own. -Latin Proverb

18. 18
deposed and undermined rather. Such feelings are Self-Expression
exposed as: "The entire period of history is male Self-expression is one of remarkable points of
dominated and women have not been in the center of modernity, what the central character in the essay
political activities. After the political change of deals successfully then makes a good stand of social
1951(2007) education and political participation of change. Modern people, having affinity to modernity,
woman became possible (Khatri and Bhatta: 73). The focus on self-expression than obeying traditional or
acknowledgement of importance and strength of female imposed idea. Resisting the traditional norms, and
got a new spirit from inception of democracy in Nepal; expressing self-values are characteristics of modernity.
and same period was the advent of modernity. The very Connecting self-expression to modernity, Inglehart and
feeling strongly binds the central character. After the Baker state that "While industrialization was linked with
political change in 2007, role of women is not only an emphasis on economic growth at almost any price
realized but also is strongly advocated. "It is very the public of affluent society placed increasing
important to understand that the gender issue is one of emphasis on quality of life environmental protection
the most important issues in contemporary sociology and self expression" (20).
worldwide. In Nepal, this issue is emerging in relation
to development issues in general" (Khatri and Bhatta: Even in this essay, in line to match with the view of
83) hints the acknowledgement of females’ role in Inglehart and Baker, central character and his woman
modern times. Likely to the very consciousness of new friend are devising some tasks on the basis of their self
social structure, the central character, I, is dully woven expression and will-power. "We decided not to meet
with female consciousness and opines the urgency of frequently and even not to go out together" (Sharma:
subsuming their assembly in day-to-day activities. 23). The decision was not emotional and immature.
Character ‘I’ puts equal values on them and assesses They, central character and woman friend, deliberately
the need of improvising their condition and including did so and planed for not meeting; and that speaks
them in all activities as well. He opines: "Females have their self-wills.
to be equally entitled, like male, in every fields of social,
political, cultural aspects of life. Not even slight injustice Other Indicators
is to be made on them" (Sharma: 36). And this Social change, which is highly desired subject, signals
consciousness of narrator indicates huge sense of with extension of different infrastructures. Concept of
changes and step of modernity. modernity is relative term, which is possible to be
defined only in reference of some other indicators.
Metropolis Life Predominantly education, health, transportation,
Attraction to Metropolis life, visible in the essay, is next communication are prime outputs of modernity.
foundational base to access the structure of social "Modernization has profoundly affected to the traditional
change at the level of modernity and modernization. life styles. Education, health and communication and
Despite the fact that the definition of modernity is still other facilities come in to effect" (Gautam: 226). Likely
vague and unclear, urbanization and westernization are the opinion, central character, I, in this essay
closely acknowledged to be indicators of modernism impassionedly begins educating youths of the village in
and modernity. To support changes and modernity: order to sense development. "I had begun teaching
"Metropolis assumes an entirely new rank order in the some youths of that very village". (Sharma: 24). The
world history of spirit" (Simmel: 423). decision was according to will of central character for
the change of society; and beginning to educate people
On the process of social change the two-way waves of is the onset of social change. Owing to the fact that
metropolis influence: concept of social change extending modernity is understood in reference of some amenities
to village from city; and villagers coming to city in order available in particular area, this essay deftly holds those
to enjoy the upcoming changes, take place. Both of the symptoms of modernity as well. People in modernization
situations are tangible in this essay. Urbanization and or metropolis life, enjoy various facilities and rejoice
closeness to urbanization are cursors of modernity. on those. "While eating in restaurant and riding the rail
"That time apartment was close to city." (Sharma: 21) motor" (Sharma: 25) speaks somehow about his
portrays character’s inclination to metropolis. The daily changed and comparatively modern life.
schedule of character, I, to visit city and handle the
various jobs promptly signifies his intermingling state In reference to feeling of Godale: "The flow of modern
with city and adjustment with city life. Together with knowledge and consciousness generate in city and go
social changes, people will be more money centric and far on the process of extending then reach to suburbs
tending to objective life. Acknowledging the fact Simmel and other areas as well", ‘Radio’ in the text can be
opines: "The metropolis has always been the seat of assumed as the tool to flow the wave of modern
money economy. (Simmel: 411); and the character of consciousness and knowledge from city to suburb that
essay seems to be money minded and cares that a lot. matters a lot for changing social structure.
Silence does not always mark wisdom. -Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

19. 19
Education and Literary Symbols elements and attributes, which signifies Nepal’s
Reference of educational institution and public assembly undergoing process to social change heading at
are other instances to trace modernity in this text. modernity.
Character I recalls his past of delivering his ideas upon
literature in various high schools of Kathmandu. Works Cited:
‘Literature’ itself indicates a tool of modernity. Literary Dahal, Maheswor Prasad. Preface. Outline of Social
books are generally supposed to work for creating new- Development. Kahtmandu: Prompt press, 2063.
rank order and inducting changes. Publishing books Gautam, Tikaram. Perspectives on Social and
means a lot to breach tradition and go for new layers Cultural Change and Development. Kathmanfu:
of changes. The feeling in preface of the same book Vidyarthi, 2062.
"While discussing about the prospective ways of coming Gothale, Govinda Bd. "Ma Jujuman". Kathai
out from this problem, this book is made ready hoping Kathiako Sangraha:. Kathmandu: Sajha
future generation of Nepal can separate themselves Inglehart, Ronald and Wayne E Baker.
from conservative notion and evil practices" (Dahal: "Modernization, cultural change, and persistence
Preface) highlights roles of book or publishing books in of traditional values." American Sociological
course to march toward modernity. So the character’s Review 65.1(2006): 19-51.
involvement in publishing books is his attempt to break Khatri, Prem K. and Badri Nath Bhatta.
tradition and invite the changes. Establishment of schools Anthropology and Sociology in Nepal. Kahtmandu:
symbols the rays of modernity trying to blossom in Bhunipuran, 2003.
Nepali society. "I had known many people during the "Modernization." Encyclopedia Britannica.
time of lecturing on literature in High schools of Encyclopedia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference
Kathmandu". (Sharma :30 ) note his initiation to awake Suite . Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007.
people for new thought from the capital of Nepal; and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 5th ed.1997.
his such attempt is good proof and cause as well for Sharma, Shyam Pd. " Aaimai Sathi" Ta Timi Tapai
social change and modernity. Hajur. Kathmandu: Pasupati, 2014.19-35.
Simmel, George. "Metropolis and mental life." The
Conclusion Sociology of George Simmel. Ed./ trans. Kurt H.
In this way, 'Aaimai Sathi' by Sharma constitutes many Wolff. Illions: The free press, 1950. 409-424
uhn Many faces of
Pg=kL= vltj8f
Nepal
;+;f/?kL ;fu/df lsg kmfN5f} hjfgLnfO{
Chandra shah
bnbn] lxnf]leq lsg xfN5f} hjfgLnfO{ Grade-XII ‘D7’
;dfpm /;L af“ws;L, b]vfpm ;'Gb/ af6f] klg,
a]sDdf / a]cy{df lsg 9fN5f} hjfgLnfO{
vf]hL u/ nflu k/ eljiosf] lgdf{0f u/ Past Present Future
s'dfu{ / s/Lltdf lsg ufN5f} hjfgLnfO{ N- Never N- Never N- Nothing
dgn] klg tgn] klg ;Totfsf] vf]hL t/
E- Ending E- Ending E- Except
c;Tosf] cfuf] leq lsg afN5f} hjfgLnFO{
P- Peace P- Political P- Poverty
ltd|f ;f/f cleef/f st{Jo;fy k"/f u/
cbfË 5 rf/}lt/ lsg 6fN5f} hjfgLnfO{ A-And A- Arguments A- And
wd{ u/ sd{ u/ s'sTosf] cGTo u/
[ L- Love L- Laziness L- Landmarks
cy{ljxLg d"No lt/L lsg kfN5f} hjfgLnfO{
No man was ever wise by chance. -Seneca

20. 20
Wife - Do you love me or your computer?
software engineer Husband - Too many parameters..
and his wife Wife - I will go to my dad's house.
Husband - Program performed illegal
operation, it will Close.
Wife - I will leave you forever.
Bishal Khadka Husband- Close all programs and log out for
Computer Department another User.
Wife - It is worthless talking to you.
Husband - Hey dear, I am logged in. Husband - Shut down the computer.
Wife - Would you like to have some snacks? Wife - I am going
Husband - hard disk full. Husband - Its now safe to turn off your
computer
Wife - Have you brought the saree.
Husband - Bad command or file name.
Wife - But I told you about it in the morning
The First Deadly Sin
Husband - erroneous syntax, abort, retry, REAPER
cancel.
Wife - Hae bhagwan !forget it where's your ‘Hush…’
salary. Broken whispers of an angel
Husband - File in use, read only, try after some She tells me to come away
time. To live on my desires
& to forget Cupid’s play
Wife - At least give me your credit card, i can Lucid succubus as she there lay
do some shopping. Lost in her own vanity
Husband - Sharing violation, access denied.
3 A.M. The placid pendulum sway
Wife - I made a mistake in marrying you.
Gleam her amber eyes
Husband - Data type mismatch.
As I push myself away
She blows me a kiss
Wife - You are useless.
Husband - By default. A kiss with black butterflies
Cold chills & I’m back to life
Wife - Who was there with you in the car this Tinkle the wind chime as I realize
morning? To another sinner, the sin has flown away
Husband - System unstable press ctrl, alt, del to
Reboot. Still In my dreams
She haunts me away
Wife - What is the relation between you & your To a place, somewhere far to say
Receptionist? No blue skies here
Husband - The only user with write permission. Every colour’s gray
No red roses of love
Wife - What is my value in your life?
No more Cupid’s play
Husband - Unknown virus detected.
Half of the failures in life come from pulling one’s horse when he is leaping. -Thomas Hood

21. 21
Assertion of Manliness in
Hemingway’s The Old Man and the
Sea: A Study in Existentialism.
Dipendra Adhikary
Department of English
Hemingway’s Literary Style. The novel explores symbolic meaning in the ‘true’
Hemingway meaning of Santiago, the quality of this
H
emingway's distinctive writing style is story is that of poetry rather than prose, and the music
characterized by economy and understatement, of its narrative language is the indefinable essence of
in contrast to the style of his literary rival its dignity.
William Faulkner. It had a significant influence
on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. Assertion of Manliness
His protagonists are typically stoic men who exhibit an
ideal described as "grace under pressure." Set in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Havana,
Hemingway’s magnificent fable in the story of an old
"Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use man, a young boy and a giant fish. It was The Old Man
vigorous English. Be positive, not negative" are the and the Sea that won for Hemingway the Nobel Prize
fundamental bases for his writing style. Hemingway uses for literature. Here, in a perfectly crafted story is a unique
language to produce a realistic picture of the human and timeless vision of the beauty and grief of man’s
beings that appear in the story. When the old man sits challenge to the elements in which he lives. Not only
in his boat, he talks in monologues. They make the the finest long short story Hemingway has ever written,
reader experience his long path through life as he often but one of the finest written by anyone. It is the odyssey
digresses to the time when he was young; the of an epic struggle between an old, experienced
monologues also show that he is not only very lonely, fisherman and the greatest vicious circle of his life. It is
but that he also tries to overcome his permanent a tale of ritual encounter between an old Cuban
loneliness. He longs for contact; that is the reason why fisherman and the destructive natural forces that
he talks to the sea, the Moon and the star. surround him as he battles first with a giant marlin and
then with sharks who stripe his prize to skeleton, it is
Santiago speaks in short, uncomplicated and very simple an affirmative work as writer writes in the novella, "But
sentences; this is due to his job as a fisher man. So, man is not made for defeat . . . A man can be destroyed
Hemingway uses short and simple sentences that but not defeated" (75). For eighty-four days, Santiago,
provides the Elitian concept of "objective correlative". an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and
His use of words and sentences in accordance with time, returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is
place and situation is the bible of his style. The short he that the parents of his young devoted apprentice
and situational way of talking, namely the preference and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the
of talking in short sentences used by many others could old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat.
be described as "staccato-style" compared to long, Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man
complicated sentences used by many other authors that upon his return each night. It is a parable-novel about
could be named "legato-style". His other influential man’s struggle against nature. Hemingway writes in
mentor was Ezra Pound, the founder of imagism. the very beginning of the novella, "He was an old man
Hemingway later said of this eclectic group, "Ezra was who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he
right half the time, and when he was wrong, he was so had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish"
wrong you were never in any doubt about it. Gertrude (1). The very line helps us to delve into the dreadful
was always right." His writing re-creates the physical and lonely meaningless human existence. Man is thrown
sensations in wartime, big-game hunting and into this world without any reason and any logic. This
bullfighting. line genuinely but bitterly projects a whole story and
They fail, and they alone, who have not striven. -Thomas Bailey Aldrich

22. 22
indifferent existence of humankind. The sea is Santiago is one of Hemingway’s "code heroes"- heroes
unfathomably vast, the old man is feeble and weak, whose courage and dignity in the face of adversity provide
lonesome, aloof, fish is hope—the hope is life and motto an ideal for mankind. Unable to tie the line fast to the
and meaning of living. Again Hemingway writes, boat for fear the fish would snap a taut line, the old man
"Everything about him was old except his eyes and they bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and
were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful hands, ready to give slack should the marlin make a run.
and undefeated" (1). The undefeated human vibrancy The fish pulls the boat all through the day, through the
and verveness is depicted here. night, through another day, and through another night.
It swims steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims
The novelist goes on east with the current. The
saying the ethos of life and entire time, Santiago
pathos of the old man as endures constant pain from
"His hope and his the fishing line. Whenever
confidence had never the fish lunges, leaps, or
gone. But now they were makes a dash for freedom,
freshening as when the the cord cuts him badly.
breeze rises" (4). In this Although wounded and
way, the old man keenly weary, the old man feels a
pursues a journey for his deep empathy and
quest to catch one more admiration for the marlin,
big fish. There prevails no his brother in suffering. On
hope beyond rationality. the third day the fish tires,
Another big fish refers to and Santiago, sleep-
another platform of hope, deprived, aching, and
dream and achievement. nearly delirious, manages
Life and human existence to pull the marlin in close
like Santiago always enough to kill it with a
travels from one hope to harpoon thrust. Dead
another without stopping beside the skiff, the marlin
until the closure of life. is the largest Santiago has
When hope ceases there ever seen. He lashes it to
life ceases to exist. his boat, raises the small
Plunging into the mast, and sets sail for
conundrums of hope and home. While Santiago is
entertaining with the box excited by the price that the
of Pandora is the marlin will bring at market,
foundation of life. Manolin he is more concerned that
helps the old man tote his the people who will eat the
gear to his ramshackle fish are unworthy of its
hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest greatness. This novel is considered to be natural tragedy.
developments in American baseball, especially the trials In Greek tragic sensibility, fate plays a vital role. In the
of the old man’s hero, Joe DiMaggio. American baseball like manner, nature plays a significant role to make this
and American life go parallel. Both should have played novel as tragedy. Art transforms the tragic condition and
on the platter of fate, faith and fortune. Santiago is human predicament into the realm of purgation,
confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to purification and liberating purgatory. The huge glimpse
an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the of hopefulness and optimism can be perceived through
following day. On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, these lines, "Every day is a new day. It is better to be
Santiago does as promised, sailing his skiff far beyond lucky" (19) amidst of insurmountable sorrows and
the island’s shallow coastal waters and venturing into sufferings. The line "But today is eighty-five days and I
the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. should fish the day well. . . Christ knows he can’t have
At noon, a big fish, which he knows is a marlin, takes the go" (27-7) is loaded with a zest for life, hope for a more
bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms deep optimistic vista of life. The symbolic meaning of Christ is
in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but resurrection that means revitalization and rejuvenation
he cannot pull it in. Instead, the fish begins to pull the of life. In the tragic death of Christ, there lies salvation
boat. Here, the vastness of the old man’s fate and the of humanity and redemption of mankind from the original
vastness of the sea are similar ones. sin since creation. Similarly, Santiago’s last hope of
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again. -Henry Ford

23. 23
attaining fish is a regular phenomenon in the life of language. The work was especially praised for its
humanity. Life is an outcome of cause and effect in spatio- depiction of a new dimension to the typical Hemingway
temporal dimension of this world. hero, less macho and more respectful of life.
As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlin’s blood The novel is a study of man’s place in the world of
leaves a trail in the water and attracts sharks. The violence, chaos and destruction. It is a brilliant expression
first to attack is a great macho shark, which Santiago of the stoicism which characterized so much of
manages to slay with the harpoon. In the struggle, Hemingway’s work as a novelist and a short story writer.
the old man loses the harpoon and lengths of
valuable rope, which leaves him vulnerable to other Works Cited
shark attacks. The old man fights off the successive Benson, Jackson J. "Literary and the Private Irony of Ernest
vicious predators as best he can, stabbing at them Heminway." Pacific Coast Philology, vol. 4 (1969): 24-29.
with a crude spear he makes by lashing a knife to Bigelow, Gorden E. "A Primer of Existentialism." College
an oar, and even clubbing them with the boat’s tiller. English, 23.5 (Dec. 1961): 171-8.
Although he kills several sharks, more and more Bruneau, Jean. "Existentialism and the American
appear, and by the time night falls, Santiago’s Novel." Yale French Studies (1948): 66-72.
continued fight against the scavengers is useless. Burhans, Jr., Clinton S. "The Old Man and the Sea:
They devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only Hemingway’s tragic Vision of Man." American
skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago chastises himself Literature (1960): 446-455.
for going "out too far," and for sacrificing his great Camus, Albert. "The Myth of Sisyphus." Essays on
and worthy opponent. He arrives home before The Creation of Knowledge. Ratna: Kathmandu
daybreak, stumbles back to his shack, and sleeps (1996): 66-72.
very deeply. The close of the novel sees Santiago Cain, William E. "Death Sentences: Rereading The
seemingly defeated –he is suffering exhaustion, his Old Man and the Sea." Sewanee Review, 114.1
hands and back are injured and his great fish is just (Winter 2006): 112-25.
skeleton, ravaged by sharks and left to be taken out Donaldson, Scott. "Hemingway’s Morality of
to sea by the tide. Compensation." American Literature, 43.3 (Nov.
1971): 399-420.
The next morning, a crowd of amazed fishermen gathers Durham, Philip. "Ernest Hemingway’s Grace under
around the skeletal carcass of the fish, which is still Pressure: The Western Code." The Pacific Historical
lashed to the boat. Knowing nothing of the old man’s Review, 45.3 (Aug. 1976): 425-32.
struggle, tourists at a nearby café observe the remains Eddins, Dwight. "Of Rocks and Marlin: The
of the giant marlin and mistake it for a shark. Manolin, Existentialist . . . The Old Man and the Sea."
who has been worried sick over the old man’s absence, Hemingway Review, 21.1, The U of Idaho P: Moscow
is moved to tears when he finds Santiago safe in his (Fall 2001): 68-76.
bed. The boy fetches the old man some coffee and the Ehrmann, Jacques. "Camus and the Existentialist
daily papers with the baseball scores, and watches him Adventure." Yale French Studies, No. 25, Albert
sleep. When the old man wakes, the two agree to fish Camus. (1960): 93-7.
as partners once more. Although appearing only in the Evans, Robert. "Hemingway and the Pale Cast of Thought."
opening and closing pages of the novel, Manolin is also American Literature, 38.2 (May 1966): 161-76.
an important character. He is Santiago’s apprentice and Faulkner, William. Rev. of The Old Man and The Sea,
disciple. Manolin’s most important attribute is his loyalty. by Linda W. Wagner. Ernest Hemingway: Six Decades
The old man returns to sleep and dreams his usual of Criticism (1987): 5.
dream of lions at play on the beaches of Africa. Grebsteinn, Sheldon Norman. "Hemingway’s Craft in
Dreaming of lions directly symbolizes an attribute of an The Old Man and the Sea." The Fifties: Fiction, Poetry,
assertive manliness. Dreaming the lions is an outlet of Drama (1970): 95-103.
ego-gratification fulfilling the untreaded inner psyche. Gurko, Leo. "The Heroic Impulse in The Old Man and
The Sea." The English Journal (1955): 377-382.
Hemingway concludes the novella with optimistic and Halliday, E. M "Hemingway’s Ambiguity: Symbolism
life-assertive motto saying, "The old man was dreaming and Irony." American Literature, 28.1(1956): 1-22.
about the lions" (92). The heroic impulse to create Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. 1952.
meaning among difficulties, absurdities and meaningless Peacock: New Delhi, 2006.
existence is really an attribute of assertive manliness. Lehan, Richard. "Camus and Hemingway." Wisconsin
Fishing is the vast sea is the process of liberation of his Studies in Contemporary Literature, 1.2 (Spring-
‘self’. He enjoys fishing the marlin, sailing long in the Summer, 1960): 37-48.
sea. It is a journey of life. The story is overly simplistic. Lodge, David. "Hemingway’s Clean, well-lighted,
Hemingway has used short sentences, vigorous puzzling place." Essay on Criticism, vol. 21. 1971
Longman: New York, 1988S
The greatest mistake you can make in life is to continually be afraid you will make one. -Elbert Hubbard

24. 24
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Little minds are tamed and subdued by misfortunes; but great minds rise above them. -Washington Irving