Review Notes

1. PHIIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-historic
Originof the Philippines
 ThelandBridgetheory
 Part of the lost Continent
 Volcanic inOrigin
Thelandbridgetheorywas consideredbysomeearlierscientistsandscholarsasthe mostplausible.Thistheory
states that the Philippine archipelago was once a part of mainland Asia. The Philippines was landmass bridging
Asian continent to Indonesia, New Guinea up to the Australian Continent. About 250,000 yrs. ago during the post
glacialperiod.Theriseofthe sea levels submerged lowerregionswhichincluded the land bridges linking main land
China and Philippines. What were not submerged became the archipelagos of the Philippines and Indonesia.
Some American geographers and geologists theorized that the Philippines and Indonesia were remnants of a
Pacific continentcalled MuorLemuria,whichhadsunk during prehistoric popularized byearlier Europeans writers.
Thistheoryhowever, is slowlybecomingmythto the moderngeologistswhoconsidereditto have no scientific basis.
The Earliest People
 Many theorists had been written on the origin of humans in the Philippines but no definite evidence can show
how and when the first people arrived these parts.
 Biblical theory states that humankind descended from Adam and Eve while scientists stick to the evolutionary
theory.
 Filipino myth and folklore state that the first Filipino male was Malakas and Maganda was his mate.
Migration Theory
 Dr. H. O. Beyer’s migration theory arranged the peopling of the Philippines with the coming of the Dawn Man,
the pre-historic cousin of the Java man and Peking man of 250,000 yrs.ago.
 During the middle Pleistocene period (ice age), roughly about 250,000 B.C., man first appeared in the
Philippines via land bridges, which concerned mainland Asia and the Philippines.
 The first known Filipino is the Tabon Cave Man who lived in Palawan about 22,000 B.C(the skull cap of the
Stone Age human was discovered byDr. Robert Fox inside the Tabon Cave in 1962).
Pre-colonial
 Prof. F. LandaJocanoinhis paper“TheVision of OurFutureMust be RootedOn our Image of the Past” strongly
argues otherwise: “The Filipinos possessed an elaborate civilization in the past. The achievement did not
become part of the Filipino consciousness, even today, because of the advent of colonization during which a
systematic distortion of our perspective about ourselves was carried out”.
House
 BahayKubo (nipa hut)- was suited o climate. Bamboo or wood stakes (haligi) held the hut above the ground.
 Batalan—where washing and bathing were done.
 Badjaos (sea gypsies)-sea gypsies of Sulu lived in boat—houses. This was so, because theses people mainly
derived their living from the resources of the sea.
Mode of Dressing
 Kanggan—the Male Filipinos wore a collarless short-sleeved jacket as the upper of their clothing.
 Bahag--the lower part of their clothing, a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs.
 Putong—the men’s headgear
 Baro or camisa—the woman wore a wide sleeved—jacket, the upper part of their clothing.
 Saya(Tagalog) and Patadyong (visayans)—the women’s skirt or lower part.
 Tapis—an additional cover was a piece of white or red cloth wrapped around the waist.
Ornaments
 Kalumbiga—armlets, gold rings, gold necklaces, gold bracelets
 Pintados—the earlyFilipinos adorned their bodies and faces with tattoos.
TheVisayan were the mosttattooed peopleamongtheancientFilipinosandforthis reasonthe Spanishmissionaries
called them pintados.
Social Classes
The Pre-Spanish societywas divided into three social classes.
 The nobles
 Freemen
 Dependents
The chiefs, their families and relatives composed the upper class or nobility. Theycarried title GAT or LAKAN.
The middle class of freemen who were usually free—born persons or freed slaves constituted the majority of the
social classes.
The dependents or the ALIPIN belonged to the lowest class. There were two kinds of dependents:
 Aliping namamahay—owned houses and properties

2.  Aliping sagigilid--- had NO right. Could be sold anytime byhis master(s)
GOVERNMENT
Barangay—Thepre-colonialpolitical unit.Composed of30to 100families.Itwas monarchyruledbya chieftaincalled
Datu, Hari or Raja (Muslim community).
Burial Mourning and Practices
 Laraw/Larao- mourning for a dead chieftain
 Maglahe-for a dead man
 Morotal-for a dead woman
Languages and Dialects
Morethan a hundredlanguagesanddialectswerespokenbyancientFilipinos. The 8 major languages and dialects
 Tagalog
 Iloko
 Pangasinan
 Kapangpangan
 Sugbuhanon
 Hiigaynon
 Samarnon
 Maguindanao
 Malayo-Polynesian—almost all of these languages and dialects originated from one linguistic family.
Literature
The pre-colonial Filipinos had both written and oral literature. Their oral literature consisted of the following:
 Awit (songs), Salawikain(proverbs),Hele(cradlesongs),Bugtong(riddles), Ihiman(wedding songs), Kumintang
(war songs)
Examples of their written literature were myths and epics like:
 Hudhud and the Alim (Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocanos), Handiong(Bicolanos), Bantungan, Indirapatra,
Sulayman, Parang Sabil (Muslims)
Music and Dances
 Musical Instruments: Kudyapi (Tagaog guitar), Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum), Silbay(Ilocano red flute),
Kutibeng (Ilocano-five-stringed guitar)
 Dances: Balitaw and Dandansoy(Visayans), Kumintang (love dance, Tagalog), Mahinhin (courtship dance,
Tagalog), Kinnotan (Ilocanos ants dance)
ASIAN CUTURAL HERITAGE
Indian
 Sri Vidjaya- an indianized Malayo-Buddhist empire
 Madjapahit- Hindu Malayan empire
 Orang Dampuan- Men of Champa who were vassals o Sri Vidjaya Empire
 B’hattara-Great Lord, Indra Battara-most prominent deity, Indra-sky God, Agni- god of fire, Surya—god of sun,
Mahabharata—Indian epic, Putong- headgear, Sarong—Indian sari
Chinese
 Ma-i –Old Chinese name for the Philippines
 Parian (now Binondo)—chinese colonyin Manila
 Bagtai-bantay, Bi-koe-biko
Arabic
 Mudum- the first who introduced Islam in MalayPeninsula
 Rajah Baginda-one of te rulers of Sumatra who went to SULU and continued preaching the doctrines of
Muhammad
 Abu Bakar-Muslim missionarywho arrived in the Philippines and continued propagating the Islamic faith
 Paramisuli-Baginda’s daughter
 Vinta-warboat, Luwaran-code of laws, Darangan-epic poetry
DATES TO BE REMEMBERED
The Age of Discoveries and Exploration
 Ferdinand sighted the island of Samar—March 16, 1521
 Magellan landed on Homonhon and named the islands “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”—March 17, 1521
 The first blood compact was held between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of Limasawa—March 29, 1521

3.  The first Christian mass officiated by Father Pedro de Valderama was celebrated in the Island of Limasawa,
Southern Leyte—March 31, 1521
 Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan—April 27, 1521
Spanish Period
 Ruy Lope de Villalobos named Samar and Leyte “Filipinas” in honor of Prince Philip II of Spain, the son King
Carlos, who later became King Felipe II—Feb. 2, 1543
 General Miguel Lopezde Legazpi another Spanish explorer reached Cebu and
 Claimed the island for Spain—Feb. 13, 1565.
 Blood compact was contracted between Legazpi and Rajah-Sikatuna of Bohol—March 16, 1565
 Cebu- the first Spanish settlement established byLegazpi was named La Villa de San Miguel—April 27, 1565
 La Villa de SanMiguelwasrenamedCuidaddelSantissismo Nombre de Jesus in honor of Sto Niňo. It became
the first Spanish permanent settlement in the Philippines—January1, 1571
 Manila was conquered byMartin de Goiti in the Battle of Bankusay—June 3, 1571
 Manilawasnamed“DistinguisedandEverLoyal City” by Legazpi, and madehimselfthefirst Governor—General
in the Philippines—June 24, 1571
 Martin de Goiti was killed byLimahong, a chineses pirate—Nov.30, 1574
 The Royal Audencia referred to as Supreme Court during Spanish period was established to provide a check
and balance of power among Spanish government officials--May16, 1584.
 Defeat of the 6 Dutchfleet by the SpanishNavy ledby Juan Ronquillointhe Battle of Playa Honda, Zambales—
April 13-14, 1617
 Defeat of the 6 Dutch fleet bythe Spanish Navyin the Battle of Manila, hence the daywas declared as the feast
of La Naval de Manila —Oct. 3-14, 1643
 Manila was conquered by the British forces under General William Draper and Admiral Samuel Cornish—
October 5, 1762
 Britain surrendered the Philippines to Spain after losing of the seven year war—April 7, 1764
 The truce was signed between France and England ended the seven-year war and the recoveryof Manila by
Spain—May31, 1764
 Dagohoyrebellion, the longest revolt in the Philippines which was lasted for 85 years-October 31, 1829
 Manila was opened to the world trade which led to an era of Commercial Revolution in the Philippines—
Sept.6,1834.
 Apolinario dela Cruz known as “Hermano Pule” was executed for fighting against the Spanish government—
November 4, 1841
The Rise of Nationalism
 The birth of Dr. Jose P. Rizal in Calamba Laguna—June 19, 1861
 A meeting in Cavite led bya Filipino Sergent Lamadrid took over the arsenal of Fort San Felipe and killed their
Spanish officers—January20, 1872
 The execution of GOMBURZA—February17, 1872
 La AssociationHispanoFilipinofoundedbyMiguelMorayta aims to introduce changes in the Philippines and to
campaign for Filipino Representative in the Spanish Cortes, the law making bodyof Spain—January12, 1889.
 Thenewspaper,LaSolidaridad(SOLforshort), founded byGraciano LopezJaena of Iloilo served as the official
organ of the Reform Movement—February15, 1889
 Rizal’s second novel, El Filibusterismo was published with the able financial assistance of Valentin Ventura—
February18, 1891
 La Liga Filipina was founded by Rizal as a civic movement to unite the Filipinos in expressing reforms and
freedom against Spanish colonial policies—July3, 1892
 Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao for four years—July7, 1892
 The Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) was secretlyorganized by
Bonifacio, Arellano,Diwa, Plata and Diazin Azcarraga Street (now C.M. Recto) in Tondo—July7, 1892
 The Katipunan was discovered byFather Mariano Gil through Through Teodoro Patino, resulting in the mass
arrest and execution—August 19, 1896
 Philippine Revolution –Cryof Balintawak—August 23, 1896
 The Battle of Pasong Tamo—August 25, 1896
 The Battle of Pinaglabanan—August 30,1896
 General Emilio Aguinaldo led the uprising in Kawit, Cavite—August 31, 1896
 The 13 men from Cavite known as “Los Trece Martirezde Cavite” were executed—September 12, 1896
 The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal in Luneta de Bagumbayan,--December 30, 1896
 TheTejerosConventionresolvedthe conflictbetweenMagdaloand theMagdiwangfactions of the Katipunan—
March 22, 1897
 The execution of Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopio) in Maragondon, Cavite—May10, 1897
 The Biak-na-Bato, a revolutionarygovernment was established –July7, 1897
 Thetruceof Biak-na-Batosignedbetween Pedro Paterno and Governor Primo de Rivera—December 15, 1897
American Period
 The Spaniards blew up the American warship in Maine in Havana, Cuba—February15, 1898

4.  The United States of America declared war against Spain—April 25, 1898
 American Navy under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish Armada led Patricio Montojo in the
famous Battle of Manila Bay–May1, 1898
 General Emilio Aguinaldo (in Barrio Alapan) waved the Philippine flag for the rest time to celebrate its victory—
May28, 1898
 Proclamation of Philippine Independence byEmilio Aguinaldo in Cawit, Cavite—June 12, 1898
 The Mock Battle of Manila Baybetween Spain and America—August 13, 1898
 Militarygovernmentwas establishedbythe AmericancolonizersunderGeneralWesleyMeritt—August 14, 1898
 Treatyof Paris wassignedbetweenSpainand AmericaendingtheSpanish—AmericanWar. Spain surrendered
the Philippines,PuertoRico,andGuam tothe Americangovernment for the sum of $20 million—December 10,
1898
Period of Suppressed Nationalism
 The Philippines was considered America’s Benevolent Assimilation –December 21, 1898
 Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic or Malolos Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as president—January
23, 1899
 The outbreak of Filipino—American War (Sta. Mesa, Manila)—February4, 1899
 GeneralAguinaldotransferredthe capitalofthe Republic from MalolostoSan Fernando,Pampanga—March31,
1899
 Antonio Luna was assassinated byGeneral Aguinaldo’s guards in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija—June 5, 1899
 GeneralGregoriodelPilar, the boygeneral was killed bythe Americans in the Battle of Tirad Pass—December
2, 1899
 GeneralEmilioAguinaldowascapturedinPalanan,,IsabelabyGeneralFrederickFunstonandhismen—March
23, 1901
 GeneralAntonioLucbanandhisbrave menattackedtheAmerican garrison in Balanggiga, Samar—September
28, 1901
 Thefirst PhilippineAssemblywas inauguratedatManila Grand Opera with Manuel LuizQuezon as the majority
floor leader and Sergio Osmeňa as a speaker—October 16, 1907
 The University of the Philippines was established as the first public university Murray Barlett became its first
president and Ignacio Villamor as its first Filipino president—June 18, 1908
 The signing of Underwood-Simons Tariff Law, allowing an open trade between the Philippines and United
States—October 13, 1913
 Francis Burton Harrison was the first American Governor—General of the Philippine—October 6, 1913
 Thecreationofbicamerallegislatures,theHouseof Senate and the House of Representatives as granted bythe
Jones Law—August 29, 1916
 The founding of the Communist Partyin the Philippines (CPP) byCrisanto Evangelista—August 26, 1930
 The Right of Suffrage was granted to Filipino byGovernor Frank Murphy—December 7, 1933
 The creation of Commonwealth Government as provided by Tydings-McDuffie Law approved by the US
President Franklin D. Roosevelt – March 24, 1935
 The signing of the American-sponsored Constitution of the Philippines by FDR. The 1934 Constitutional
Convention (ConCon) was headed byClaro M. Recto—March 23, 1935
 The creation of SAKDALISTA Party by Benigno Ramos, a peasant organization against the commonwealth
government ---May12, 1935
 The inauguration of Commonwealth Government with Manuel L. Quezon as President and Sergio Osmeňa as
Vice President—November 15, 1935
The Japanese Occupation
 The Bombing of Pearl Harbor, the US Naval Station in Asia –Pacific—December 8, 1941
 ThedeclarationofManilaasanOpenCity by GeneralDouglasMcArthurto prevent the cityfrom further damage
brought byJapanese Bombing—December 26, 1941
 The creation of HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) under the leadership of LuizTaruc—March
29, 1942
 The Fall of Bataan Major General Edward P. King, the commander of US forces in Bataan surrendered the
fortress to the Japanese forces. The Japanese led their captives on cruel “Death March” from Bataan to San
Fernando Pampanga—April 9, 1942
 The Fall of Corregidor Island. The last fortress of defence of the Filipino—American forces led by USAFFE
Commander-in-ChiefGeneralJonathanWainwrightsurrenderedtoGeneralHomma,Commander-in-Chiefof the
Japanese imperial forces—May6, 1942
 The inauguration of Japanese-sponsored puppet Republic was with Jose P. Laurel as president—October 14
1943
 TheLeyte landingGeneralDouglasMacArthur landed at Red Beach, Polo Leyte together with President Sergio
Osmeňa and General Carlos P. Romulo—October 20, 1944
 The Battle of Leyte Gulf—October 24-26, 1944
 The first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, Japan—August 6, 1945
 Three days after, the second atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki Japan---August 9, 1945

5.  TheJapaneseImperial forcessurrenderedtothe Alliedforcesin Tokyo Bay aboardby SS Missouri.It endedwar
in Asia Pacific—September 2, 1945
The Third Republic
 The approval of Philippine Rehabilitation Act by the US Congress, allowing the United States to dispose of,,
develop and utilize(exploit) the Philippine Natural resources—April 30, 1946
 The inauguration of the Third Republic and the signing of the Treatyof General Relations which legalized the
retention of US bases in the Philippines—July4, 1946
 The signing of the formal agreement between US and the Philippines allowing America to lease on 22 sites as
US militarybasefor 99 years, in return, the PhilippinesArmyacceptedUS$100millionworthofarmyequipment
and supplies from the US army—March 14, 1947
 President Manual Roxas died of cardiac arrest at Clark Air Base in Pampanga—April 4, 1947
 Vice President Elpidio Quirino became the president—April 4, 1947
 Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia were elected president and Vice-president respectively—November
10, 1953
 Luiz Taruc, he commander of HUK guerrilla surrendered to Benigno NinoyAquino, the emissaryof President
Magsaysay.
 The SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was organized by the 9 countries to prevent spread
communism in Asia—September 8-10, 1954 (hosted byPres.Magsaysay)
 The Laure—LangleyAgreement was signed replacing the Bell Trade Act—September 8, 1955
 President Ramon Magsaysay died in a plane crash in Mt. Manuggal, Cebu—March 17, 1957 (He was the first
president who wear barong tagalog)
 Vice presidentCarlosP. Garciabecamethepresident,succeeding President Magsaysay—March 17, 1957 (He
made the Filipino First Policy)
 Pres. Diosdado Macapagal changed the date of Philippine Independence Day from July 4, 1946 to June 12,
1898—May12, 1962
 PresidentDiosdadoMacapagal approved the Agriculture Land Reform code which abolished tenancy—August
8, 1963
Contemporary
 Congressman Ferdinand Marcos was elected president—November 9, 1965
 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was created in a summit held in Manila—August 8, 1967
 Gloria Diazwon the Miss Universe Title in Miami Beach Florida, USA—July20, 1968
 The creation of CPP( Communist Partyof the Philippines) byJose Maria Sison—December 26, 1968
 President Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected president—Nov. 11, 1969
 1971 Constitutional Convention—June 1, 1971
 Plaza Miranda Bombing—August 21, 1971
 Signing of Proclamation 1081, placing the entire Philippines under militaryrule (martial law)—September 21,
1972
 Three days after the signing, Marcos officiallyannounced the Martial Law—September 23, 1972
 The creation of Batasang Pambansa –September 23, 1972
 Marcos lifted the Martial Law—January16, 1981
 Marcos won byanother six-year term. The opposition boycotted the election—June 16, 1981
 Senator NinoyAquino was assassinated at the Tarmac Manila International Airport—August 21, 1983
 Funeral processions for the burial of Ninoywas joined bymillions of people—August 31, 1983
 Snap Election—Febuary7, 1986
 Marcoswasproclaimed byBatasang Pambansa as president inspite of widespread protest on election fraud—
February16, 1986
 Military mutiny headed by Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos—February
22, 1986
 Archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin