Organic solvents are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients, in formulations, and for cleaning equipment. Residual solvents may remain in final drug products and different analytical techniques like gas chromatography are used to test levels. Solvents are classified into four classes based on toxicity, with class 1 being human carcinogens and class 4 having insufficient toxicity data. Regulatory limits are set for each class to ensure solvent levels do not exceed acceptable toxicological thresholds.
2. • Organic solvents are very widely used in
the pharmaceutical industry.
Used in the
1) synthesis of active pharmaceutical
ingredient.
2)In formulation
3)Cleaning the equipment..
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3. • Steps involved in chemical synthesis of
API
• 1)Reaction
• 2)Separation or extraction
• 3)Purification
• 4)Drying
• Organic solvents are used widely in
synthesis API
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4. • Used in formulation of either
1)liquid pharmaceuticals or
2)solid dosage forms
New solvents-SUPER CRITICAL FLUIDS or
IONIC LIQUIDS are developed.
And usually some small amount of solvents
may remain in the final product.They are
called as residual solvents(RS) or organic
volatile impurities.
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Department of Pharmaceutics
5. • As residual solvents are not desirable
substances in a final product, different
methods for their removal may be used,
provided they fulfill safety criteria.
• After the drying process, analysis should
be done to check that amount of solvents
used at any step of the production do not
exceed acceptable limits. (taken from ICH
Guideline or from pharmacopoeias).
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Department of Pharmaceutics
6. METHODOLOGIES FOR ANALYSIS OF RS
Gas chromatography (GC) is a very useful
technique for analysis of residual solvents.
• HS-GC, GC-MS, HS-GC-MS,SPME-GC,
SDME-GC are excellent tools to determine
OVI.
• When only class 3 impurities are present
loss of weight method is
used.TGA,DTA,DSC may also be used
Various other techniques like
• IR and NMR have been applied to
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Department of Pharmaceutics
determine RS.
7. • Special directions published in
pharmacopeias and ICH guidelines
determine maximum allowable amounts of
RS in pharmaceutical products.
• If amounts of RS are below the limits the
analyzed product is cleared for sale.
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8. WHY DO WE NEED CERTAIN REGULATIONS
TO LIMIT THE USE OF SOLVENTS.
• 1)Toxicity
• 2)Odor and taste(obviously not good drug
attributes for both manufacturers n
patients)
• Different associations who set limits for RS
• -USP
• -EU(pharma europa)
• -ICH(Q3 C)
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Department of Pharmaceutics
9. CLASSIFICATION OF
SOLVENTS
• According to Q3C guideline solvents are
divided into four groups
• CLASS 1 SOLVENTS: human
carcinogens
• Limits:as absolute parts per million in
material under testing.
• Ex:benzene,carbon
tetrachloride,1,1dichloro ethane,1,2
dichloroethane,1,1,1 trichloro ethane.
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Department of Pharmaceutics
10. • CLASS 2 SOLVENTS:solvents ought to be
limited.
• -agents of neurotoxicity r teratogenicity
• Ex:Acetonitrile,Chlorobenzene,Chloroform,
Cyclohexane,1,2Dichloroethene,Dichlorom
ethane,1,2Dimethoxyethane,N,NDimethylf
ormamide,1,4-Dioxane,2-Ethoxyethanol,
Ethyleneglycol,Formamide,Hexane,Metha
nol,2-Methoxyethanol,Methylbutyl
ketone,NMethylpyrrolidone,Nitromethane,
Pyridine,Sulfolane,Tetrahydrofuran,Tetrali
n,Toluene,1,1,2-Trichloroethene,Xylene* 10
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O.Priyanka, M.Pharmacy,GPRCP,
Department of Pharmaceutics
11. • Limits: listed in 2 ways
• 1) Option 1:uses the absolute
• parts per million of solvents contained in
the material being tested and is used in
cases where the daily dose is known or
fixed and is expressed by the formula:
• Concentration (ppm) = (1000 × PDE)/dose
(In grams per day)
• 2)Option 2: the sum of amounts of residual
• solvents present in each component of the
drug product per day, should be less than
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given by PDE. Department of Pharmaceutics
12. Component Amount in Acetonitrile daily
formulation content exposure
Drug 0.3 g 800 ppm 0.24 mg
substance
Excipient 1 0.9 g 400 ppm 0.36 mg
Excipient 2 3.8 g 800 ppm 3.04 mg
Drug product 5.0 g 720 ppm 3.64 mg
Permitable daily exposure for acetonitrile is
4.1 mg per day
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Department of Pharmaceutics
13. • Class 3 solvents: Solvents with low toxic
potential.
• Limits: they have permissions of daily
exposures of 50 mg (0.5%) or less
• Ex:Acetic acid,Heptane,Acetone Isobutyl
acetate,Anisole Isopropyl acetate,1-
Butanol Methyl acetate,2-Butanol 3-
Methyl-1-butanol,Butyl acetate Methylethyl
ketone,tert-Butylmethyl
ether,Methylisobutyl ketone,Cumene 2-
Methyl-1-propanol.
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14. • Class 4 solvents: solvents for which no
adequate toxicological data was found.
• Ex:1,1-Diethoxypropane,Methylisopropyl
ketone,1,1-
Dimethoxymethane,Methyltetrahydrofuran,
• 2,2-Dimethoxypropane,Petroleum ether,
Isooctane,Trichloroacetic acid,Isopropyl
ether Trifluoroacetic acid
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