2. Tak Kenal maka Tak
Sayang:
Fact about memory
database
• 72-78% air
• Mengkonsumsi 20% oksigen & 20% kalori
• 1 trilyun sel otak, 100 milyar aktif, 900
milyar pendukung
• Koneksi antar sel sampai 20.000 sel
• Kecepatan rangsang 250-2.500 impuls
per detik
• Kapasitas penyimpanan 100 trilyun data
• Cogito ergosum-Rene Descartes
3. Just let it go,
ujian nih
repressed memory
penculikan
4. 3 alasan lupa
They don’t get it to begin with
They had it but they lost it
They have it but they can’t find it
14. Active memory
Orang ingat:
• 30% of what they HEAR
• 40% of what they SEE
• 50% of what they SAY
• 60% of what they DO
• 90% of what they HEAR, SEE, SAY & DO
17. Bentuk-bentuk ingatan
a. Deklaratif-fakta
• Episodik memory-ingatan
terhadap kejadian yang khusus
Pikiran, perasan dan informasi yang telah
terjadi
• Semantic/ Generic memory-ingatan arti
dasar kata dan konsep
& pengetahuan dasar
20. Mnemonics
• Kode singkat mengasosiasikan fakta dengan
sesuatu yang familiar atau telah tersimpan
sebelumnya
Natural language mediators
“It doesn’t make sense that she’s working so long”
The method of loci
Menempatkan pada sesuatu tempat yang sudah dikenal
dan menempatkan informasi tersebut disekelilingnya
Visual imagery
membayangkan barang dengan jelas dalam
gambaran mental
24. What is MEMORY?
• Memory – internal record of
some prior event or
experience; a set of mental
processes that receives,
encodes, stores, organizes,
alters, and retrieves
information over time
26. Three Stages of Memory
• Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a
brief representation of a stimulus
while being processed in the
sensory system
• Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory
(STM) is working memory
– Limited capacity (7 items)
– Duration is about 30 seconds
• Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory
(LTM) is large capacity and long
duration
28. Integrated Model Concepts
• Encoding – process of
translating info into
neural codes
(language) that will be
retained in memory
• Storage – the process
of retaining neural
coded info over time
• Retrieval – the
process of recovering
info from memory
storage
31. Varieties of LTM
• Two types of LTM
– Semantic memory refers to factual
information
– Episodic memory refers to autobiographical
information as to where and when an event
happened
32. Organization of LTM
• Retrieval Cue – a clue or
prompt that helps
stimulate recall and
retrieval of a stored piece
of information from longterm memory
– 2 types:
1. Recognition
2. Recall
1. Ziegarnik Effect
33. Memory Measures
• Recognition is when a specific
cue (face or name) is matched
against LTM
• Recall is when a general cue is
used to search memory
• Relearning - situation where
person learns material a
second time.
• Quicker to learn material 2nd
time
34. Flashbulb Memories
• Where were you when you first
heard:
– That The WTC had been crashed
into?
– That the federal building had
been bombed in Oklahoma City?
– That Princess Diana had been
killed in a car wreck?
36. Anatomy of
Memory
Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation
Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC
responses
Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic
memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories
Thalamus, formation of new memories and working
memories
Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of
episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.
37. Forgetting
• Forgetting is
the inability
to recall
previously
learned
information
Forgetting rate is steep just after learning
and then becomes a gradual loss of recall
38. Serial Position Effect
Recall immediately
after learning
Recall several hours
after learning
LTM
Recall from
LTM
Recall from
Primacy effect – remembering stuff at
STM
beginning of list better than middle
Recency Effect – remembering stuff at
the end of list better than middle
39. Study Strategies
• Distributed practice
refers to spacing
learning periods in
contrast to massed
practice in which
learning is
“crammed” into a
single session
• Distributed practice
leads to better
retention
40. Theories of Forgetting
• Proactive interference: old information
interferes with recall of new
information
• Retroactive interference: new
information interferes with recall of old
information
• Decay theory: memory trace fades with
time
• Motivated forgetting: involves the loss
of painful memories (protective memory
loss)
• Retrieval failure: the information is
still within LTM, but cannot be recalled
because the retrieval cue is absent
41. Organization of LTM
• Tip-of the tongue
phenomenon: person can’t
easily recall the item, but
shows some recall for its
characteristics (“…it begins
with the letter ….”)
42. Amnesia
• Amnesia is forgetting produced by
brain injury or by trauma
– Retrograde amnesia refers to
problems with recall of information
prior to a trauma
– Anterograde amnesia refers to
problems with recall of information
after a trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Point of Trauma
43. Issues in Memory
• Reasons for inaccuracy of
memory:
– Source amnesia: attribution of a
memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream
is recalled as an actual event)
– Sleeper effect: a piece of information
from an unreliable source is initially
discounted, but is recalled after the source
has been forgotten
– Misinformation effect: we incorporate
outside information into our own
memories
44. Memory Strategies
• Mnemonic devices are strategies
to improve memory by organizing
information
– Method of Loci: ideas are associated
with a place or part of a building
– Peg-Word system: peg words are
associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a
bun”)
– Word Associations: verbal
associations are created for items to
be learned
