1. Work, Life and Leisure
Cities in the Contemporary
World

2. Main Topics
I. General Aspects about the Cities
 Social Condition of Calcutta city based
on the novel written by Durgacharan Ray
 Historical period- Development of the
cities
 Characteristics of the Cities
 Metropolis

3. II. London City in 18th century
 Earliest Industrial cities in England
 Formation of City
 Population structure of London city
 Gareth Stedman Jones’s opinion about
London
 Five different types of Industries
 Marginal groups
 Accommodation facility
 Cleaning of London City
 Transportation in London City
 Social Life in the London City
 Political Life in the London City

4. III. Bombay City
 Formation of Bombay City
 Bombay- the prime city
 Work in the Bombay city
 Accommodation facility in Bombay City
 Expansion of Bombay City
IV. Cities and the Challenges of the
Environment

5. Social condition of Calcutta city in
19th century based on
Durgacharan Ray Novel
“Debganer Martye Aagaman
 In 1880, he wrote a novel “Debganer
Martye Aagaman (The God visit Earth)
 Through his novel he had tried to depict
the social condition of the Calcutta city in
19th century.
 During that time Calcutta was the center
of Education, Job opportunities, trade
and commerce.

6. Positive Aspects Negative Aspects
 Train and Ships  Cheats and Thieves
 Factories and  Grinding Poverty
Bridges  Poor quality housing
 Monuments  Discriminations
 Shops with wide based on
range of commodities Caste, Gender and
 Centre of trade and Religion
commerce
 Centre of Job
opportunities and
Education

7. Historical process caused for
the formation of Modern Cities
 Modern Cities were developed before
200 years back.
 Different historical periods had shaped
the Modern cities like
1. Industrial Capitalism
2. Colonialism
3. Democratic Ideas

8. Characteristics of the Cities
 Most of the ancient cities were developed
on the bank of the river valleys
(Ur, Nippur and Mohenjodaro
 Cities were often the centres of Political
power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institution and
intellectual activity.
 Cities are very greatly in size and
complexity.
 Metropolis are the centres of political and
economic function for an entire region
and very large population.

9. Metropolis & Urbanization
A large, densely populated city of a
country or state, often the capital of the
region
Development of a city or town

10. Earliest Industrial cities in
England
 The Leeds and Manchester were the
earliest Industrial cities in England.
 It attracted large number of migrants to
the textile mills set up in the 18th century
 In 1851- more than three- quarters of
adults were lived in the Manchester city.

11. Gareth Stedman Jones and his
opinion about London city
 He was a great historian he had stated
that the 19th century London city was
1. The city of clerks and shopkeepers
2. Small masters and skilled artisans
3. Semi skilled and sweated outworkers
4. Soldiers and servants
5. Casual labourers and street sellers
6. The city of Beggers

12. Five industries developed in
London City in 19th century
1. Clothing and Footwear
2. Wood and Furniture
3. Metals and Engineering
4. Printing and Stationary
5. Precision products like surgical
instruments, watches and objects of
precious metals
(During the First World War London
had produced motor cars and electrical
goods)

13. Marginal Groups in London
1. Criminals:
 As London grew, crimes flourished.
 In 1870- 20,000 criminals were lived in London
 The police were worried about the Law and
order
 Philanthropist were worried about public
morality
 Industrialist wanted a hard working and orderly
labour force
 So population of criminals was counted, their
activities were watched and ways of life were
investigated.
 In an attempt to discipline the population, the
authorities imposed high penalties for crimes
and offered work to those who were considered

14. 2. Woman:
 As a result of the technological
development the women gradually lost
their industrial jobs and were forced to
work within household.
 Large number of women used their
homes to increase their family income
by taking in lodgers or through such
activities as tailoring, washing and
matchbox making

15. 3. Child Labour
 Large number of children were pushed
into low paid work often by their parents.
 Andrew Mearns, a clergyman wrote
“The Bitter Cry Outcast London in 1880
showed why crime was more profitable
than low wages work.
 The Compulsory Elementary Education
Act in 1870 and Factory Act in 1902, that
children were kept out of industrial work

16. What was the reason the
Industrialist started to provide the
accommodation for the Migrants
 Initially the Factory or Workshop owners
did not provided the house to the
migrants.
 The individual land owners put up
cheap, unsafe tenements were provided
for the new arrivals.
 In 1887, Charles Booth conducted the
first social survey and he pointed out
that needed 400,000 rooms for to

17.  After a period of time the industrialists
starts to provide the accommodation
because of certain reasons
1. One room houses seen as serious
threat to public health because it was
overcrowded, badly ventilated and
lacked sanitation)
2. Worried about fire hazards
3. Fear of social disorder, especially after
the Russian revolution in 1917.

18. Which are the major steps had
initiated for the Cleaning of London
city
 Created decongest localities, open green
spaces, reduced pollution and sustained
the landscape of the city.
 Large blocks Apartments were made.
 Green Belt around the London City.
 Ebenezer Howard an architect and
planner developed the principle of
Garden City
 A pleasant space full of plants and
trees, where people would both live and

19.  He believed that it would help for to
produce the better quality citizens
 Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker
designed the garden city of New
Earswick with common garden
space, beautiful views.
 Between the two world war period
millions of houses were constructed in
London, most of them were single family
cottage

20. Transportation faculty in London
city
 The first section of the Underground in the World
opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington
to Farrington.
 At first the people were afraid to travel under
ground railway because of the fear of suffocation.
 The under ground railway caused the massive
displacement of the poor people.
 Charles Dickens wrote in his novel Dombey and
Son about the massive displacements.
 For the construction of two miles, 900 houses
were destroyed
 Gradually, the underground railway became huge
success and most of the metropolis like New
York, Tokyo and Chicago

21. Temperance Movement
A largely middle class led social reform
movement which emerged in Britain
and America from the 19th century
onwards. It identified the alcoholism
as the cause of the ruin of families and
society, and aimed at reducing the
consumption of alcoholic drinks
particularly among the working class.