1. STORAGE
THE PROCESS OF STORING PERSONAL DATA
OR INFORMATION FOR FUTURE USE IS
CALLED STORAGE OF DATA.
Slides By Rana Usman Sattar
Student Of BBA(Hons)
PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi
Gmail: ranaa.usman@gmail.com
Facebook: usman.shan86@yahoo.com

2. Storage Devices
 A storage device is the computer hardware
that records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media.
 Writing is the process of transferring
data, instructions, and information from
memory to a storage medium.
 Reading is the process of transferring these items
from a storage medium into memory.

3. STORAGE DEVICES
 There are different storage devices.
 Hard Disk
 Floppy Disk
 Flash
 Optical Disk

4. STORAGE

5. Storage Medium
 A storage medium also called secondary
storage, is the physical material on which a
computer keeps data, instructions, and information.
Examples of storage media are hard disks, solid state
drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, Express
Card modules, optical discs, smart cards, magnetic
stripe cards, and microfilm Etc.

6. Storage Medium

7. Storage Capacity
 Capacity is the number of bytes (characters)
a storage medium can hold.
For example, a reasonably priced USB flash drive can
store up to 4 GB of data (approximately four billion
bytes) and a typical hard disk has 320 GB
(approximately 320 billion bytes) of storage capacity.

8. Storage Terms
 Kilobyte (KB) 1,024
 Megabyte (MB) 1,048,576
 Gigabyte (GB) 1,073,741,824
 Terabyte (TB) 1,099,511,627,776
 Petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624
 Exabyte (EB) 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
 Zettabyte (ZB) 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
 Yottabyte (YB) 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

9. Storage Device
 HARD DISK
A hard disk, also called a hard
disk drive or hard drive, is a storage device that
contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that
use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions, and information.

10. HARD DISK

11. External and Removable Hard Disks
 External Hard Disk
An external hard disk, is a
separate freestanding hard disk that connects with a
cable to a USB port or FireWire port on the system
unit or communicates wirelessly.

12. External Hard Disk

13. Removable Hard Disk
 A removable hard disk is a hard disk that
you insert and remove from a drive. Sometimes
the drive is built in the system unit. Others are
external devices that connect with a cable to a
USB port or FireWire port on the system unit.

14. Removable Disk

15. Characteristics of a Hard Disk
 Characteristics of a hard disk include its
capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders,
sectors and tracks, revolutions per minute, transfer
rate, and access time.

16. Storage Devices
 RAID
A group of two or more integrated hard
disks is called a RAID (redundant array of
independent disks). RAID is an ideal storage solution
for users who must have the data available when
they attempt to access it.

17. Storage Devices
 NAS
A network attached storage (NAS)
device is a server connected to a network with the
sole purpose of providing storage.

18. NAS

19. Hard Disk Controllers
 A disk controller consists of a special-purpose
chip and electronic circuits that control the
transfer of data, instructions, and information
from a disk to and from the system bus and
other components in the computer.

20. Types of hard disk interfaces
 SATA
 EIDE
 SCSI
 SAS

21. Types of hard disk interfaces
 SATA
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment) uses serial signals to transfer
data, instructions, and information. The primary
advantage of SATA interfaces is their cables are
thinner, longer, more flexible, and less susceptible to
interference than cables used by hard disks that
use parallel signals. SATA interfaces have data
transfer rates of up to 300 MBps and higher.

22. Types of hard disk interfaces
 EIDE
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive
Electronics) is a hard disk interface that uses parallel
signals to transfer data, instructions, and
information. EIDE interfaces can support
up to four hard disks at 137 GB per disk.

23. Types of hard disk interfaces
 SCSI
SCSI interfaces, which also use parallel
signals, can support up to eight or fifteen peripheral
devices. Supported devices include hard
disks, optical disc drives, tape
drives, printers, scanners, network cards, and much
more.

24. Types of hard disk interfaces
 SAS
SAS (serial-attached SCSI ) is a newer type
of SCSI that uses serial signals to transfer data,
instructions, and information. Advantages of
SAS over parallel SCSI include thinner, longer
cables; reduced interference; less expensive;
support for many more connected devices at
once; and faster speeds. SAS interfaces have
data transfer rates of 750 MBps and higher.

25. Flash Memory Storage
 Flash memory chips are a type of solid state
media, which means they consist entirely of
electronic components, such as integrated
circuits, and contain no moving parts. The lack of
moving parts makes flash memory storage more
durable and shock resistant than other types of
media such as magnetic
hard disks or optical discs.

26. Solid State Drives
 A solid state drive (SSD) is a storage device
that typically uses flash memory to store data,
instructions, and information With available form
factors of 3.5 inches, 2.5 inches, and 1.8 inches, SSDs
are used in all types of computers including servers,
desktop computers, and mobile computers
and devices such as portable media players
and digital video cameras.

27. Solid State Drives

28. Memory Cards
A memory card is a removable flash memory
device, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height
or width, that you insert and remove from a slot in
a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.

29. Memory Cards

30. Common types of memory cards
MEDIA TYPE STORAGE
Compact Flash 512 MB to 100 GB
Secure Digital 512 MB to 8 GB
SDHC 4 to 32 GB
Micro SD 1 to 2 GB
MicroSDHC 4 to 16 GB
X D Picture Card 256 MB to 2 GB
Memory Stick PRO Duo 1 to 16 GB
Memory Stick Micro (M2) 1 to 16 GB

31. USB Flash Drives
A USB flash drive, sometimes called a thumb
drive, is a flash memory storage device that plugs
in a USB port on a computer or mobile device.

32. USB Flash Drives

33. Express Card Modules
 AN Express Card module is a removable
device, about 75 mm long and 34 mm wide or L-
shaped with a width of 54 mm, that fits in an Express
Card slot . Express Card modules can be
used to add memory, storage, communications,
multimedia, and security capabilities to a computer

34. Express Card Modules

35. Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is an Internet service that
provides storage to computer users .
Types of services offered by cloud storage providers
vary. Some provide storage for specific
types of files, such as photos or e-mail messages,
whereas others store any type of file.

36. Cloud Storage

37. Optical Discs
 An optical disc is a type of storage media that
consists of a flat, round, portable disc made
of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written
and read by a laser.
 Optical discs primarily store software,
data, digital photos, movies, and music.
Some optical disc formats are read only,
meaning users cannot write (save) on the
media. Others are read/write, which allows
users to save on the disc just as they save on
a hard disk.

38. Optical Discs
 With some on one side only. Manufacturers usually place
a silk-screened label on the top layer of these
single-sided discs. You insert a single-sided disc
in the drive with the label side up. Other discs
are double-sided. Simply remove the disc from
the drive, flip it over, and reinsert it in the drive
to use the other side of the disc. Double-sided
discs often have no label; instead, each side of the
disc is identified with small writing around the
center of the disc.
discs, you can read and/or write

39. Optical Discs
 Optical discs store items by using microscopic
pits (indentations) and lands (flat areas) that are
in the middle layer of the disc
 A high-powered laser light creates the pits.
A lower-powered laser light reads items from
the disc by reflecting light through the bottom
of the disc. The reflected light is converted
into a series of bits the computer
can process. A land causes light to reflect,
which is read as binary digit 1. Pits absorb
the light; this absence of light is read as
binary digit 0.

40. Types of Optical Discs
 CDS
A CD-ROM, or compact disc read-only
memory, is a type of optical disc that users can
read but not write (record) or erase — hence,
the name read-only. Manufacturers write the
contents of standard CD-ROMs.
 A typical CD-ROM holds from 650 MB
to 1 GB of data, instructions, and information.

41. Types of Optical Discs
 The speed of a CD-ROM drive determines
how fast it installs programs and accesses the disc.
Original CD-ROM drives were single-speed drives
with transfer rates of 150 KBps. Manufacturers
measure all optical disc drives relative to this original
CD-ROM drive. They use an X to denote the
original transfer rate of 150 KBps. For example,
a 48X CD-ROM drive has a data transfer rate of
7,200 (48 × 150) KBps, or 7.2 MBps.

42. Types of Optical Discs
 CD-RS and CD-RWS
A CD-R (compact disc- recordable) is a
multisession optical disc on
which users can write, but not erase, their own
items such as text, graphics, and audio. Multisession
means you can write on part of the disc at one
time and another part at a later time. Each part
of a CD-R, however, can be written on only one
time, and the disc’s contents cannot be erased.

43. Types of Optical Discs
 CD-RS and CD-RWS
A CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is an
erasable
multisession disc you can write on multiple
times. CD-RW overcomes the major disadvantage
of CD-R because it allows users to write and
rewrite data, instructions, and information on
the CD-RW disc multiple times — instead of
just once. Reliability of the disc tends to drop,
however, with each successive rewrite.

44. Types of Optical Discs
 To write on a CD-RW disc, you must have
CD-RW software and a CD-RW drive. These
drives have write speeds of 52X or more, rewrite
speeds of 32X or more, and read speeds of 52X
or more. Manufacturers state the speeds in this
order; that is, write speed, rewrite speed, and
read speed is stated as 52/32/52. Most CD-RW
drives can read audio CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs,
and CD-RWs.

45. Types of Optical Discs
 Archive Discs and Picture CDs
Many people use archive discs or Picture CDs
to preserve their photos. When you post and
share photos online on a photo sharing community,
you can choose to save your collection of
online photos on an archive disc .An
archive disc stores photos from an online
photo
center in the jpg file format, usually at a maximum
resolution of 7200 pixels per photo.

46. Types of Optical Discs
 DVDs and Blu-ray Discs
Although the size and shape of a CD and DVD
are similar, a DVD stores data, instructions, and
information in a slightly different manner and
thus achieves a higher storage capacity.
Widely used DVDs are capable of storing
4.7 GB to 17 GB, depending on the storage
techniques used. The first storage technique
involves making the disc denser by packing the
pits closer together. The second involves using
two layers of pits. For this technique to work,
the lower layer of pits is semitransparent so that
the laser can read through it to the upper layer.
This technique doubles the capacity of the disc.

47. Types of Optical Discs
 Blu-ray
A newer, more expensive DVD format is
Blu-ray, which has a higher capacity and better
quality than standard DVDs, especially for
high-definition audio and video. A Blu-ray
Disc-ROM (BD-ROM) has storage capacities
of 100 GB, with expectations of exceeding 200
GB in the future. Blu-ray Disc (BD) drives and
players are backward compatible with DVD and
CD formats. Some game consoles include a Bluray
drive. Original Blu-ray Disc drives had read
speeds of 4.5 MBps, designated as 1X. Current
read/write speeds of Blu-ray Discs range from 9
MBps (2X) to 36 Mbps (8X) in the future.

48. Other Types of Storage
 Magnetic Stripe Cards and Smart Cards
A magnetic stripe card is a credit card,
entertainment card, bank card, or other similar
card, with a stripe that contains information
identifying you and the card (shown in
Figure 7-1 on page 352). Information stored in
the stripe includes your name, account number,
and the card’s expiration date. A magnetic stripe
card reader reads information stored on the stripe.

49. Other Types of Storage
 smart card
A smart card, which is similar in size to a
credit card or ATM card, stores data on a thin
microprocessor embedded in the card. Smart
cards contain a processor and have input, process,
output, and storage capabilities.

50. Other Types of Storage
smart card

51. Other Types of Storage
 Enterprise Storage
Enterprises use computers
and computer networks to manage and store
huge volumes of data and information about
customers, suppliers, and employees.
To meet their large-scale needs, enterprises
use special hardware geared for heavy use, maximum
availability, and maximum efficiency. One
or more servers on the network have the sole
purpose of providing storage to connected users.
In an enterprise, some storage systems
can provide more than 185 TB of storage
capacity. Optical disc servers hold hundreds of
optical discs.