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3. 
came from the Latin word persona, which
means mask.

dynamic and organize characteristics
possessed by a person that uniquely influences
his or her cognitions, emotions, and behaviors
in various situation.

one’s physical or inherited attributes as well as
those psychological factors that determine one’s
characteristic behavior.

4. 
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PHYSICAL : body built, height, weight, texture
of the skin, etc..
MENTAL : range of ideas, mental
alertness, ability to reason, to
conceptualize, etc..
EMOTIONAL : one’s
temperament, moods, prejudices, bias, etc..
SOCIAL : relations with other
people, likes, dislikes, social
responsiveness, etc..
MORAL : his positive or negative adherence
to the do’s and don’ts of his society.

5. 
INHERITED PREDISPOSITION : These means
that we are only predisposed, through
heredity, to develop patterns of personality
which are not set or fixed but which are only
tendencies.

ABILITIES : These, too, may be inherited or
acquired. One’s intelligence, inherited through
genes and honed by various experiences.

6. 
FAMILY AND HOME ENVIRONMENT : These
play a most vital role in personality development.
As an individual matures, the influence of the
family group in emotional
responses, beliefs, morals, social
interrelations, etc. cannot be overemphasized.

CULTURE : The set-up of the family is shaped
by culture. This is the mold which the family
consciously or unconsciously fits the personality
of the child.

7. I.
TYPE THEORIES
(Constitutional Type)
These theories postulate that human
subjects can profitability be classified into
smaller number of classes or types, each
class or type having characteristics in
common which set its members apart
from other classes.

8. II.
TRAIT THEORIES
These theories which consider the
consistency of behavior and classifies according
to the degree to which they can be described in
terms of a number of traits.

9. TWO KINDS OF TRAITS

COMMON TRAITS : Traits comparable among
people and are praised by comparing one with
another according to preferred values.

PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS : Traits unique for
the person. It is organized in a kind of
hierarchy in an individual.

10. III.
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
These theories stress continuities.
According to this theorists one can best
predict what a person will do in a given
situation by what he has done before in an
earlier situation that resembles the present.

11. THEORY OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three
basic aspects of personality : Id, Ego, and
Superego

Id : the repository of unconscious wishes
primarily libidinal and aggressive
 Edo : the mediator between the demands of the
Id and the outer forces of reality
 Superego : this maintains the standard of
personality. It corresponds to one’s conscience.

13. THEORY OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
The five psychosexual stages through which Freud
presumed all children traverse : the Oral, the
Anal, the Phallic, the Latency, and the Genital
Stage.

Oral : (the first 2 years of life) The infant finds
the gratification through stimulation of the lips
and mouth region as in sucking and nursing.
 Anal : (between 12-30 months) Toilet training is
related to this period, the child is encouraged to
control eliminating of waste .

14. 
Phallic : (between the 3rd and 6th year of
life) The child demonstrate instinctual
attraction for the opposite-sex parent.
a) Oedipus Complex – son-mother
relationship
b) Electra Complex – daughter-father
relationship

Latency : There is increased activity with
the same-sex peers which corresponds
with a decreased of heterosexual activities
 Genital : This stage is characterized by
attraction to the opposite sex

15. THEORY OF PERSONALITY DYNAMICS
This theory aims at the motivational and emotional
components of personality. According to Freud,
man inherits the life instinct and the death instinct
(libido and mortido)
Freud’s concept of Cathexis can help us
understand how libidinal energy influences
personality growth. (cathexis is the investment of
libidinal energy in an idea, memory, object or
activity)

16. IV.
LEARNING THEORIES
This theories desire to find specific
experiences of reward and punishment in later
problem-solving.

ANXIETY THEORY
- This theory, developed by Karen
Horney, an American psychoanalyst, has as its
central concepts, social influences in the
development of the child.

17. 
SUPERIORITY AND COMPENSATION
THEORY
- Alfred Adler said that because we strive for
superiority, we are always seeing ways in which we
fall short of our aspirations and hence, ways in
which we are influenced.

18. WAYS OF IMPROVING PERSONALITY
Some of the positive steps to take if we wish
to improve ourselves are the following:

Self-appraisal : begin listing down and
evaluating your physical, intellectual, social and
emotional traits.
 Effective regulation of emotional life : one
must develop of high degree of control over
one’s emotions and not allowing one’s emotion to
control you.

19. 
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Social relations : one should be capable in
social intimacy- forming friendship and
participating in social relations.
Work : one must be committed to some form of
work that is satisfying as well economically good
Love and Sex : one must be able to forego
personal gratification , even sexual
gratification, to satisfy the loved one.
Self : one must have a positive regard of one’s
self as a distinguished part of the word he lives.
Philosophy in Life : one should live by
philosophy of life that should give direction to
one’s actuation.

20. HOW TO CHARACTERIZED ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR ?

Normative View : anybody who is different from
the one making the judgment is said to be
abnormal
 Statistical View : anybody is abnormal who
diverges very much from the average
 Social Viewpoint : anybody who would like to
escape from reality.
 General View : anybody who doesn’t enjoy life
as it is but tries to shut himself from it, is
abnormal

21. EXAMPLES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Anxiety reaction : the person is continually
uneasy, with secondary complaints like insomnia
and inability to concentrate.
 Neurasthenia : the person has difficulty
concentrating, is easily distracted and does not
have the sufficient energy to carry a task in life.
 Hypochondriasis : a person is often fearful that
he may die or be seriously ill.

22. 
Dissociative Reactions : dissociation of
disturbing memories or thoughts, from the rest
of the personality.
a. Amnesia : person cannot recall certain past
experience on his life.
b. Fugus States : general amnesia for the
person’s entire past, including who is he.
c. Somnambulism : certain thoughts become so
strong during sleep as to determine the person’s
behavior

Conversion Reaction : the person suffers from
physical symptoms with no organic basis.

23. 
Phobias : these are reactions characterized by
intense and chronic fear of something.
a. Acrophobia – fear of high places
b. Zoophobia – fear of animals
c. Hydrophobia – fear of water
d. Miso phobia – fear of germs
e. Tanat phobia – fear of death
Path phobia – fear of dieses
g. Monophobia – fear of being alone
h. Claustrophobia – fear of enclosed places
i. Agoraphobia – fear of open places
j. Photophobia – fear of light
f.

24. MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Definition Of Mental Health
Mental health is a state of good adjustment
with a subjective state of well-being, zest of living
and the feeling of that one is exercising his talents
and abilities

25. CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLYHEALTHY PERSONAITY

Adjusted : handles his conflicts in a realistic
manner
 Productive : he has a spontaneity in work and
play
 Zest for living : he has a high energy level and
can do hard work with enthusiasm
 Sensitive : he is able to give and to receive

26. Definition of Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is the application of
specialized techniques to treat mental disorders to
everyday problems of adjustment.
Sigmund Freud formulated his “Psychoanalytic
Theory” : (Free Association)

27. 
Free Association : a procedure which the
patient relaxes, and allowed to let his thoughts
wander as he muses without any apparent
preconceived goal.
 Nondirective Therapy : this is the method
devised by Carl Rogers, this merely
encourages the patient to explore his attitudes
and to support him and his attempts to think
and act.
 Group Therapy : the members of a group, say
a family, discuss their personal problems under
the leadership of a therapist.

28. 
Psychodrama : this is a diagnostic and
therapeutic technique developed by J L Moreno
which consists of having the individual act out
on a stage his relations with others around
whom conflict centers.
 Role Playing : informal type of psychodrama as
is used to prepare patients about to be
discharged from hospitals.
 Family Therapy : the members of the group
clarify the feelings they have for each other
through verbalization.

29. 
Eclectic Approach : the term eclectic means
“coming from various sources” hence, this
method utilizes any number of methods just
discussed.

Psychotherapy based on Learning Theory :
a. Principle of Counter-conditioning : malaptive
response are weakened or eliminated by
strengthening incompatible ones.

30. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING. 
ORGANIZER
Jennifer Reymundo
TECHNICAL PERSON
Jayrald Pandanan
MEMBERS
Tinky Artiaga
Joanne Ela
Albert Presentacion
Reymond Bonito
Erneliza Royo
Elliot Lanuzo