Sci, tech, and soc report

The Development, Concept and Use of
Medical Equipment as Science and
Technology Advances
Prepared by:
Rosebem M.
Gargarita
BSEd IV-A

History of Physics
Experimental Physics (1550-1800)
 This is the category of disciplines and disciplines in the field of
physics that are concerned with the observation of physical
phenomena and experiments.
 Some examples of prominent experimental physics projects are:
1. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
2. HERA
3. LHC (Large Hadron Collider)
4. JWST (James Webb Space Telescope)

History of Physics
Classical Physics (1800-1900)
 This refers to theories of physics that predate modern, more complete,
or more widely applicable theories.
Modern Physics (1900-present)
 This refers to the post-Newtonian conception of physics.
 It deals with the underlying structure of the smallest particles in nature
(quantum mechanics), as well as a rigorous understanding of the
fundamental interaction of particles understood as forces.
 In a literal sense, it refers to the up-to-date physics.
 Incorporates quantum mechanics and Einsteinian relativity.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_physics)

History of Physics
 Before 19th century-Instruments were designed by doctors & fabricated by
local blacksmiths.
 20th century-Experienced rapid & revolutionary changes in the world of
technology.
These changes include the ff:
(a.) Introduction of anesthesia, bacteriology, biochemistry and
radiology;
(b.) Physicians began utilizing laboratory facilities & radiology
sections.
(c.) Cutting edge developments & innovations were recorded in
laboratory medicine & biomedical engineering;

(d.) Human health needs were addressed through continued interest &
research in medical technology;
(e.) Self awareness have driven people to take a more proactive & preventive
stance with regards to health and sanitation; and
(f.) Educational campaigns were given emphasis to recognize health
related risks focusing on diets & lifestyles, disease prevention, early
diagnosis and treatment.
Benefit: A healthy population as well as increasing survival rates for
people suffering from dreaded disease is ensured.

Medical Equipments: Procedures and Uses
1. Acupuncture - is the stimulation of specific acupoints along the skin of
the body involving various methods such as the application of heat,
pressure, or lase and the penetration of thin needles.
-is an ancient therapeutic technique developed by the
Chinese. They believed that a life force is essential for good health & that
life energy flows through the body along pathways called meridians.
History:
The earliest written account of acupuncture is found in the Huang Di
Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine), a medical
text dating from between the 2nd and the 1st century B.C. The practice of
acupuncture, undocumented, dates back at least 2 000 years.

Procedure:
1. Needles with length of 0.5-5 inches (12 mm to 127 mm) are placed in
specific parts of the body to relieve a number of conditions ranging from
back pain to toothache and headache.
2. The skin is sterilized, e.g. with alcohol , and the needles are inserted,
frequently with a plastic guide tube.
3. Needles may be manipulated in various ways such as:
(a.) spun;
(b.) flicked; and
(c.) moved up and down relative to the skin.
4. Quick insertion of needle is recommended since most pain is felt in the
superficial layers of the skin.

Uses:
1. to treat a range of conditions, primarily for pain relief.
2. used as a form of anesthesia that maybe induced by the stimulation of
sensory nerves, which would then induce the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus to release endorphins (the body’s natural painkillers).

2. Air Beds-are hospital beds used by the patients to avoid the occurrence of
sores due to a longer contact with the mattress.
Procedure:
 The mattress is constructed of cells that are alternately inflated. This is
done by a compressor with two outputs that alternated between each
other.
 The compressor can sense a leak in the mattress and sound an alarm.
 There is a quick release of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) plug
to deflate the mattress in case of emergency where the patient needs to
be resuscitated.
Uses
Reduce the need for turning as this is done to some degree
automatically.
Provides the patient a comfortable stay in the hospital, thus, recovery
become faster.

Air Beds
Hospital air bed mattress
Low air-loss mattress

3. Ambulatory
 Norman J. Holtzer, D. Sc. and associates-developed a machine in the
mid-1950s known to be as ambulatory ECG recorder.
 This is the size of a personal CD player and is worn by the patient.
Procedure:
 This is worn as a belt or strapped to the patient.
 It has electrodes that are attached to the chest and these pick up ECG
signal.
 These pick up signal is then recorded onto the cassette tape which runs
slow enough for 24 hours recording.
 The tape is then rapidly analyzed by the machine that stops when it detects
any abnormalities in the recording.
 The technician who controls the playback machine makes note to report to
the physician.

Uses :
 It is used to make blood pressure recordings (every 5 minutes and records
24 hours worth of data).
 This machine downloads the data in a computer and analyzes these data.
 It detects ECG signal and automatically stops when it detects
abnormalities, specifically for newborn babies who have weak heartbeat.

4. Anesthesia-is a substance that causes lack of feeling or awareness, dulling
pain to permit surgery and other painful procedures.
(http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2247)
(a.) History
 Mid-19th century
Anesthetics, ether, chloroform and nitrous oxide were first used in
Europe and America as pain relief during operations.
 It was found that these substances dull bodily sensations especially
pain.
 As the anesthetic has become more refined, the recovery from an
operation is better.

 Nicholai Korotkoff-has the idea of listening to brachial artery, especially
the effect of anesthetic drugs when acted on the nerve cells.
 Anesthesia is broken down into three main categories:
1. General Anesthesia-is an anesthetic drug which causes a reversible
loss of consciousness.
2. Local Anesthesia –is an anesthetic drug which causes a reversible loss
of sensation for a limited region of the body while maintaining
consciousness.
3. Regional Anesthesia-is an anesthetic drug injected near a cluster of
nerves, numbing a larger area of the body (such as below the waist).

Procedure:
Procedure of injecting anesthetic drugs depending on the surgery to
be done, patient's health condition and the extent effect needed from
this drug.
 General Anesthesia
o This is an initial injection that quickly dissolves into nerve cells of the
central nervous system and causing unconsciousness.
o This can be given through an IV, which requires a needle stick into a
vein usually in the arm; or
o By inhaling gases or vapors delivered by a mask or breathing tube.

Uses:
The anesthesiologist uses a combination of various medications to:
 Relieve anxiety
 Keep your child asleep
 Minimize pain during surgery and relieve pain afterward (analgesics
are used)
 Relax the muscles which helps to keep the patient still block out the
memory of the surgery.

 Regional Anesthesia
o It is introduced to large nerves or to an area of the spinal cord that
would supply a large area of the body.
o A child/patient who receives regional anesthesia is usually asleep
before the procedure is done.
o However, older kids or those who would be at unacceptable risk by
being asleep may be sedated during the procedure.
Uses: To make someone more comfortable during and after surgical
procedure.

 Local Anesthesia
o It blocks electrical nerve transmission in the site where it is administered
usually by injection.
o This can be given as a short spray or ointment.
o A person who is injected of this drug is awake or sedated on what is best
for the patient.
Uses:
• Often used for minor outpatient procedures (wherein patients who come
in for surgery on that day can go home on the same day), especially in a
clinic or doctor’s office.
• This medicine is used to numb the area during the procedure and help
control discomfort after surgery. The numbing medicine may wear ff in
about 2-4 hours.

Considerations in Injecting Anesthesia
1. Type of surgery
2. Location of the surgery
3. How long the surgery may take
4. Patient’s current and previous medical condition
5. Allergic reactions to the patient
6. Child’s age, height and weight
7. Previous reactions to anesthesia (by the patient or by a family
member)
8. Medications taken

5. Apnea Alarms
Apnea-is any pause in breathing (respirations) and may cause oxygen
desaturation (too little oxygen that is available to the tissues).
(http://www. healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/ baby/preemie/pages /Apnea-Monitors.aspx)
These were first introduced in the mid-1960s for the management of
the apnea of prematurity in history settings. The hypothesis that apnea is
the pathopysiologic precursor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was
first in 1972.

Procedure:
 The device sounds an alarm if no breath is detected after a preset time.
 The alarm which is usually a quite loud may actually startle the infant
into breathing again.
 The audible alarm feature can often be switched off just to give a visual
indication with flashing indicators.
 An apnea alarm is “loaned” to a parent of a child by the clinician that
may suspect breathing difficulties.
Uses:
 Often for neonate & pediatric use to detect breathing with a strain
gauge affixed to the chest to detect the expansion or with electrodes
that measures the change in impedance as the chest moves.
 This is also found in the operating theater in conjunction with the
ventilators which monitor the breathing of the unconscious patient.
The alarm would alert the anestheticist of a problem with the breathing
circuit or patient.

6. Autoclave-is a pressure steam cleaner used to sterilize surgical equipment.
Procedure:
 The surgical instruments are usually wrapped in a porous material and
sealed with indicating tape before being placed in the oven.
 The air inside the oven is evacuated before the high pressure steam is
admitted.
 The steam contacts all parts of the instruments before the oven is
evacuated with steam. This action dries the instruments.
 The indicating tape that sealed the wrapping, changes color to
indicate that the process is complete and the instruments are
sterilized for use.

7. Baby Warmer
 This is a device often an overhead heater placed over the cot that
contains as electrical heating element that is pre-set or sometimes with a
thermistor on the patient’s to control the thermostat.
 Alternatively, a warm water filled mattress that can be placed in a cot
that the baby is placed on.
8. Blood Pressure-the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of
blood vessels.
 Blood pressure depends on:
a. the strength of the heartbeat;
b. thickness and volume of the blood; and
c. the elasticity of the artery walls, and general health.
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008

History
 1730-Reverend Steven Hales applied a cannula to an artery in the neck
of a horse. He measure the height of the blood in a glass tube to be over
8 ft. (2.5 meters) above the heart.
 Late 1800s-Italian Riva Rocci used a sphygmomanometer to find the
systolic pressure.
 Sphygmomanometer-a pressure gauge in the form of a column of
mercury or an analog gauge and is used to measure blood pressure
along with the use of stethoscope.
 Nicholai Korotkoff- a Russian surgeon who has the idea of listening to
the brachial artery to hear the pulsative sounds.
 Korotkoff sounds give indications to the systolic and diastolic
pressure.

 Systolic
 the point where the pressure in the cuff occludes the brachial artery and
stops blood from passing through.
 an indication of the greatest pressure that occurs in the artery during
systole, at the height of the contraction of the heart.
 Diastolic
 the lowest pressure in the cardiac cycle.
 occurs during the last of the diastole, which extends from the end of one
contraction of the heart to the beginning of the next.
 considered as a measure of the resistance of the vascular system and
the elastic contraction of the vessels.

Procedure:
Blood pressure is usually measured by the physician during a diagnosis.
 Ausculatory Measurement
• A bandage cuff is wrapped around the arm which contains an
inflation bag and the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery.
• The cuff is inflated 30 mmHg above the disappearance of the pulse
which is seen as the loss of small pulses on the gauge.
• The cuff is slowly deflated and on hearing the Korotkoff sounds, the
systolic is recorded.

Procedure:
• As the cuff is further deflated or the sounds disappear and on
reappearing the clinician listens to the softening of the sounds and
just as they disappear, the diastolic is recorded.
• The advent of automated devices now measure blood pressure
automatically and indicate the systolic and diastolic pressure
visually.
• These units often show the Mean Pressure-is not the average of
the systolic and diastolic, but the mean pressure within the arteries
during the cardiac cycle.

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