The document provides an overview of key grammar concepts in Spanish, including: 1) The conditional tense and common conditional phrases. 2) Forms of the present perfect, past perfect, and subjunctive perfect tenses. 3) Uses of the impersonal "se" construction and differences between saber and conocer. 4) Formal and informal affirmative/negative commands and irregular verb forms. 5) Placement of indirect and direct object pronouns with commands and uses of nosotros commands. 6) Common triggers of the subjunctive mood and irregular subjunctive forms.

1. 2nd Semester: Grammar Book

3. Conditional If I could _______, then I would _______. Si pudiera _______, (conditional). If I could run, I would run more. Si pudieracorrer, correríamás. For polite requests: Me gustaría… I would like…

4. Conditional Irregulars

5. Present Perfect

6. Present Perfect Irregulars

7. Past Perfect

8. Subjunctive Perfect Used to indicate the action as completed with the verbs in the present or future tense.

9. Tanto y Tan Example: Felipe estanalegrecomo Gino. Tengo tantodinerocomo Juan.

10. Impersonal “se” Examples: No se hablaespañolaquí. Spanish is not spoken here. Se puedejugar en estelugar. It is possible to play in this place.

11. Saber vs. Conocer Examples: Juan sabedondeestáMaría. Juan knows where Maria is. Yono sétunúmerode teléfono.I don't know your telephone number. Yo no conozco a María. I don't know Maria. Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid. Alberto and Alfredo know Madrid.

12. Formal Affirmative/Negative If it is an –arverb, add an: -e (singular) OR -en (plural) If it is an -er/-irverb, add an: -a (singular) OR -an (plural)

13. Formal Irregulars -car, -gar, -zar verbs

14. Informal Affirmative/Negative Commands + Irregulars N E G A T I V E A F F I R M A T I V E

15. DOP/IOP Placement The DOP is attached to the end of the affirmative command: *the addition of the OP to the end of the command form requires an accent mark over the stressed syllable

16. DOP/IOP Placement The DOP and IOP cannot be attached in a negative command and must go between the “no” and the command: IOP always goes before the DOP.

17. Nosotros Commands +mono verbs

18. Subjunctive +triggers Trigger Phrases: esperarque to wish that ... insistir en que ... to insist that ... mandarque ... to order that ... preferirque ... to prefer that ... prohibirque ... to prohibit that ... quererque ... to want that ... esaconsejableque ... it's advisable that ... esnecesarioque ... it's necessary that ... pedirque ... to ask that ... recomendarque ... to recommend that ... rogarque ... to plead that ... sugerirque ... to suggest that ...

19. Present Subjunctive Irregulars

20. Subjunctive Expressed

21. Impersonal Expressions

22. Expressions of Emotion w/Subjunctive

23. Conjuctions of Time take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future:

24. Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives Juan reads this book. (adjective)Juan lee estelibro. Juan reads this. (pronoun)Juan lee este.