Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Database Management
1. Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
2. Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview
Define the term,
Define the term, data
Define the term, data
database, and explain
d b d l i Discuss the terms
Di h
integrity, and describe
how a database character, field, record,
the qualities of valuable
interacts with data and and file
information
information
Describe file Differentiate between a
maintenance file processing
q
techniques and pp
approach and the
validation techniques database approach
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
3. Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview
Describe characteristics
Discuss the functions
of relational, object‐
common to most
common to most
oriented, and
i d d
database management
multidimensional
systems
databases
Identify database design
guidelines and discuss
Explain how to access
p
the responsibilities of
the responsibilities of
Web databases
database analysts and
administrators
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
4. Databases, Data, and Information
Databases, Data, and Information
Database Data Information
• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
data organized unprocessed • Documents
in a manner
i items
i • Audio
that allows • Text • Images
access,
access • Numbers
b
retrieval, and • Video
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video
Page 514 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4
Chapter 10
6. Databases, Data, and Information
Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:
g y ( )
Create a computerized
Create a computerized Add, modify, and
Add modify and
database delete data
Create forms and
Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data
Page 515 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6
Chapter 10
7. Databases, Data, and Information
Databases, Data, and Information
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input
accuracy of the input
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Page 516 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7
Chapter 10
8. Databases, Data, and Information
Databases, Data, and Information
• Valuable information should have the following
characteristics:
Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized
Cost‐
Accessible Useful
effective
Pages 516 ‐ 517 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 10
9. The Hierarchy of Data
The Hierarchy of Data
• Data is organized in layers
– Files, records, fields, characters
, , ,
Page 517 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 9
Figure 10‐2 Chapter 10
10. The Hierarchy of Data
The Hierarchy of Data
• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
fi ld b
of one or more related
characters
h
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type
Page 518 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 10‐3 Chapter 10
11. The Hierarchy of Data
The Hierarchy of Data
• Common data types include:
Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency
Date Memo Yes/No
/ Hyperlink
yp
Object Attachment
Page 518 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 11
Chapter 10
12. The Hierarchy of Data
The Hierarchy of Data
• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
p y y q y
• A data file is a collection of related records
Page 519 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12
Figure 10‐4 Chapter 10
13. Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
p
keep data current
Adding
Adding Modifying
Modifying
records records
Deleting
D l i
records
Page 520 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 13
Chapter 10
17. Maintaining Data
Maintaining Data
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data is correct
Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
check
Completeness check Check digit Other checks
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
navigation,
Link from left navigation
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10
Pages 522 ‐ 524 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 17
Chapter 10
18. File Processing Versus Databases
File Processing Versus Databases
File processing system Database approach
• Each department has its • Programs and users share
own set of files data
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
•I l
Isolate data
d • Sh
Share data
d
• Allows easier access
•R d
Reduces development time
d l t ti
• Can be more vulnerable
Pages 524 ‐ 526 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 10
20. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click MySQL
below Chapter 10
Page 527 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 10‐11 Chapter 10
21. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files
Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 21
Figure 10‐12 Chapter 10
22. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
p g
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language
Query by example
Form
Report generator
Page 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 22
Chapter 10
23. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A query language consists of simple, English‐like
p y
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data
Page 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 23
Chapter 10
25. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A form is a window on the screen that provides
g y g
areas for entering or modifying data in a database
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10
Page 530 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 25
Figure 10‐15 Chapter 10
26. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A report generator allows users to design a report
p
on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report
Page 531 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 26
Figure 10‐16 Chapter 10
27. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
A DBMS provides means to
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized users
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege
Page 531 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 27
Chapter 10
28. Database Management Systems
Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed
Backup Log
Recovery
R Continuous
C ti
utility backup
Pages 531 ‐ 532 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 28
Chapter 10
30. Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• A data model consists of rules and standards that
g
define how the database organizes data
Page 533 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 30
Figure 10‐18 Chapter 10
31. Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
l h l k
within the data
Page 533 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 31
Figure 10‐20 Chapter 10
32. Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
g g g p
language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click SQL
below Chapter 10
Page 534 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 32
Figure 10‐21 Chapter 10
33. Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• An object‐oriented database (OODB) stores data
j
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object‐oriented database include:
object oriented database include:
Multimedia Groupware
database database
Computer‐
Hypertext
aided design
database
database
Page 534 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 33
Chapter 10
35. Relational, Object‐Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
l idi i l b
• A multidimensional database can store data in more
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation
navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
Pages 535 ‐ 536 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 35
Chapter 10
36. Web Databases
Web Databases
• Databases on the Web allow you to:
Shop for
products or Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
services
Make airline Register for Check semester
reservations college classes grades
Page 536 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 36
Chapter 10
40. Database Administration
Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are responsible
for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
C t d i t i th d t
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
p ,
relationship and identifies sers’
relationship, and identifies users’
checks backup and recovery
access privileges
procedures
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
navigation,
Link from left navigation
then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
Page 538 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 40
Chapter 10
41. Database Administration
Database Administration
• Employees should learn
how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database
Page 538 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 41
Figure 10‐25 Chapter 10
42. Summary
How data and
Methods for
Methods for Assessing the
Assessing the
information are
maintaining high‐ quality of valuable
valuable assets to
q y
quality data information
an organization
i ti
Advantages of Roles of the
Various types of
organizing data in database analysts
databases
a database
d b and administrators
d d i i
Page 539 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 42
Chapter 10
43. Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10 Complete
