Biogeographi atlassouthernocean
A new atlas, providing the most thorough audit of marine life in the Southern Ocean, is published this week by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Leading marine biologists and oceanographers from all over the world spent the last four years compiling everything they know about ocean species from microbes to whales. It’s the first time that such an effort has been undertaken since 1969 when the American Society of Geography published its Antarctic Map Folio Series. In an unprecedented international collaboration 147 scientists from 91 institutions across 22 countries (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and the USA) combined their expertise and knowledge to produce the new Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. More than 9000 species are recorded, ranging from microbes to whales. Hundreds of thousands of records show the extent of scientific knowledge on the distribution of life in the Southern Ocean. In 66 chapters, the scientists examine the evolution, physical environment, genetics and possible impact of climate change on marine organisms in the region. Chief editor, Claude De Broyer, of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, said: “This is the first time that all the records of the unique Antarctic marine biodiversity, from the very beginnings of Antarctic exploration in the days of Captain Cook, have been compiled, analysed and mapped by the scientific community. It has resulted in a comprehensive atlas and an accessible database of useful information on the conservation of Antarctic marine life.”
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Biogeographi atlassouthernocean
- 1. AnT-ERA Join the ultimate challenge! - How Antarctic Thresholds Ecosystem
- 2. A legacy of : the Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) 2005-2010 and the International Polar Year The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 3. Objectives “To provide a benchmark of the Southern Ocean biogeography knowledge, following CAML,… … to fulfill the needs of biogeographic information for science, conservation, monitoring and sustainable management of the Southern Ocean, in the context of environmental change and increasing human pressure”
- 4. • 66 chapters • >800 maps • 147 authors • 15 editors • 91 institutes representing 22 countries (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, UK & USA) • 4 years in the making The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 5. Covers the biogeographic patterns and processes of: • benthos • plankton and sea ice • nekton (squid and fish) • bird and mammal top predators The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 6. The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methods (data, gap analysis, modelling) 3. Evolutionary Setting 4. Environmental Setting 5. Biogeographic Patterns of Benthos 6. » of Plankton and Sea-Ice Biota 7. » of Fish 8. » of Birds and Mammals 9. Changes and Conservation in the Southern Ocean 10. Patterns and Processes of S.O. Biogeography 11. The Dynamic Biogeographic Atlas Project 12. Conclusions: Present and Future of S.O. Biogeography
- 7. The Dataset 1.07 million occurrence records (validated by experts) from 9,064 species and >434,000 distinct sampling stations The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 8. Data distribution patterns Sampling Stations Species The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 9. Whales and dolphins: Orcinus orca All observations The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 10. Modelled habitat suitability Euphausia superba Presence-absence Uncertainty in prediction of habitat suitability The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 11. Pelagic Regionalisation Spatial distribution of the 20 clusters types based on • summer climatological SST • depth • proportion of time covered by sea ice The Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean
- 12. Next step : the online Dynamic Biogeogeographic Atlas on www.biodiversity.aq • updates (share your data !) • re-generation of maps • more functionalities (modelling, ..)
- 13. Ecosystem Resilience and Thanks: AnT-ERA Antarctic Thresholds - Join the ultimate challenge! - How close to the clif f Funded by: • the A.P. Sloan Foundation (New York) through the Census of Marine Life • the TOTAL Foundation (Paris) • the Cosmos Prize Foundation (Tokyo) Supported by: •Belgian Federal Science Policy (Belspo) •Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences •British Antarctic Survey (Cambridge) •Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris) •Australian Antarctic Division (Hobart) •Census of Antarctic Marine Life
Notes de l'éditeur
- The Biogeographic Atlas is a direct legacy of CAML and IPY. The extensive exploration and assessment of the Antarctic marine biodiversity by the CAML programme with 18 on one hand, and on the other hand the intense compilation and databasing effort of biogeographical data by SCAR-MarBIN, the SCAR Marine Biodiversity Information Network provided an unique opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt to synthesize the current biogeographic knowledge of the SO. The previous attempt dated back to the late sixties with the Antarctic Map folio Series published by the American Geographical society.
- From the microplankton to the whales
- Benthos: with 28 chapters focusing on particular taxa, and 4 chapters on benthic communities. Plankton and sea-ice: 10 chapters. A large chapter on fish. A no less important chapter on birds and mammals. The section on changes and conservation presents two chapters on climate change and predictions of pelagic distributions, a chapter on the assessment of change and a chapter on conservation and management. Patterns and processes: focusses on bioregionalisation at benthic and pelagic levels, on near-surface zooplankton communities, on the bipolarity issue, and on phylogeography and population genetics, and reviews the biogeographic processes in the Southern Ocean.
- Data from SCAR-MarBIN/ANTABIF, completed and validated + additional data provided especially for the Atlas by CCAMLR (fish), birds and mammals experts, and the International Whaling Commission
- There are 1387 grid cells (3° latitude by 3° longitude) south of 40°south. Of these, 1364 cells (98%) contained at least one data record (Map 3). However the distribution of these records is far from even, with 144 cells containing fewer than 5 stations and, at the other extreme, 13 cells containing over 5000 stations. There is a similar pattern to the distribution of species numbers with 154 cells containing fewer than 5 species and 85 with more than 200 species (Map 4). Areas of combined intense sampling and high species richness fall in two broad areas: the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) plus the South Shetland Islands (SSI), and the 50°E to 165° E section of East Antarctica (EA). In contrast two areas of high species richness, in the Eastern Weddell Sea (EWS) and the Ross Sea (RS), are not associated with high numbers of samples.
- Figure 5. Map of all known sea spider (Pycnogonida) from the Southern Ocean colour coded by depth. Sightings (mostly summer observations) of Orcas as recorded in SCAR-MarBIN database and in the datasets provided by IWC (not exhaustive) Figure 7. Map of the observations of the Killer Whale, Orcinus orca, in the Southern Ocean.
- Euphausiacea Map 3 Euphausia superba Dana, 1850. (a): presence-absence; (b): modelled habitat suitability; (c): uncertainty in prediction of habitat suitability.
- Based on 20 clusters