The presentation was prepared for the 2013 National Goat Conference in Greensboro, North Carolina.

1. The Five Point Check®
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy nē ŭn)
Sheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education Center
sschoen@umd.edu – www.sheepandgoat.com

2. Background
• Anthelmintic resistance (AR)
• Targeted selective treatment (TST)

3. Anthelmintic resistance (AR)
• When deworming fails
to achieve expected
results.
1. When deworming fails
to alleviate clinical
symptoms.
 Death
 Production loss
2. When deworming fails to
reduce fecal egg count
by 95 percent or more.

4. Anthelmintic resistance
• Is widespread and
well-documented
(especially in
southeastern U.S.).
• Varies by species,
geographic location,
and individual farm.
• Is affected by past
deworming and grazing
practices.
. . . is inevitable!
No treatment is 100% effective.

5. Percent farms with anthelmintic resistance
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Benzimidazole Ivermectin Cydectin Levamisole
Mid-Atlantic (n=33) Southern (n=46)
Source: Howell et al (2008). O’Brien (2010).

6. Practices which accelerate drug resistance
1) FREQUENT DEWORMING
2) Underdosing
3) Injecting dewormers
4) Pouring on dewormers
5) Feeding dewormers
6) “Persistent activity” dewormers
7) Putting dewormer in mouth
8) Dosing on full stomach
9) Deworming when infection levels
(in animal and on pasture) are low.
10) Putting treated animals on clean
pastures.
11) Treating everyone.
12) Improper use and storage of
dewormers

7. How do you know which
anthelmintics work on your farm?
Anthelmintic didn’t work (?) Anthelmintic worked (?)

8. You should test for anthelmintic
resistance every 2-3 years
Fecal egg count reduction test Drenchrite® larval assay

9. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)
• Collect fecal samples (> 200 epg) at time of
anthelmintic treatment and 7 to 14 days later.
• Calculate % reduction in fecal egg counts (epg).
Buck #325
2,650 epg on 6/27 (F1)
Dewormed with levamisole
200 epg on 7/11 (F2)
FECR calculation
[(F1-F2)/F1] x 100
[(2650-200)/2650] x 100
= 92.5% FECR

10. Drenchrite® Assay
• Prepare and send pooled fecal sample (> 350-500 epg) from
at least 10 animals to parasitology lab (e.g. Dr. Ray Kaplan’s
lab @ University of Georgia) where eggs are
isolated, incubated, and allow to hatch and develop into 3rd
stage larvae.
• Tests all three classes of anthelmintics simultaneously
• Also identifies worm species.

11. 

95-100% effective. Small number of
resistant worms may be present.
80-95% effective. Treatment
is effective, but resistance is
increasing.
Less than 80%. Production
losses become apparent as
effectiveness of dewormer
moves closer to zero.
Anthelmintic failure.
Animals die.
Adapted from Wormer
Resistance “The need for
change” Meat Promotion Wales
How effective are your dewormers?

12. Targeted selective treatment (TST)
Identifies those animals which
require treatment.
Identifies which animals would
benefit from treatment.

13. Targeted selective treatment (TST)
• For TST to be viable, there
must be practical tool(s)
that producers can use to
make deworming
decisions.
• The first tool developed
was the FAMACHA©
system.
• The Five Point Check© is
an extension of the
FAMACHA system.

14. FAMACHA© System
Clinical category Color PCV Tx recommendation
1 Red > 28 No
2 Red-pink 23-27 No
3 Pink 18-22 ?
4 Pink-white 13-17 Yes
5 White < 12 Yes

15. Five Point Check© (5)
• Addresses limitations of
FAMACHA©.
• Extension of TST to determine need
for deworming for all internal
parasites that affect sheep and
goats.
• Especially useful when deciding
whether or not to deworm
FAMACHA 3’s.
• Involves 5 check points on the
animal: eye, back, tail, jaw, and nose.
• Developed for sheep.
– Replace nose checkpoint
with coat condition.

16. Check Point Observation Possibilities
1. EYE
Anemia
1-5
(FAMACHA© card)
Barber pole worm (Haemonchus)
Liver fluke
Hook worms
Other worms and causes
2. BACK
Body condition score
1-5
(BCS card)
Brown stomach worm (Teladorsagia)
Bankrupt worm (Trichostrongylus)
Nodular worm
Other worms and causes
3. TAIL
Fecal soiling
(1-5)
Dag score card
Brown stomach worm (Teladorsagia)
Bankrupt worm (Trichostrongylus)
Coccidia (Eimeria)
Nodular worm (Oesophagostomum)
Other worms and causes
4. JAW
Soft swelling
“Bottle jaw”
1-5
Barber pole worm (Haemonchus)
Coccidia (Eimeria)
Liver fluke
Hook worms
Other worms and causes
5. NOSE Discharge
1-5
Nasal botfly
Lungworms
Pneumonia
Other causes
5. COAT Coat condition
1-3
Barber pole worm (Haemonchus)
Brown stomach worm (Teladorsagia)
Bankrupt worm (Trichostrongylus)
Coccidia (Eimeria)
External parasites
Other causes

17. # 1 Eye - ocular membranes
• Anemia is caused by blood-feeding parasites, such as
Haemonchus, hookworms, and liver flukes. Coccidiosis can
also cause anemia.
• Anemia (packed cell volume) is estimated by evaluating the
color of the lower eyelid and comparing it to the colors on
the FAMACHA© guide.
Category Color PCV Tx
1 Red > 28 No
2 Red-pink 23-27 No
3 Pink 18-22 ?
4 Pink-white 13-17 Yes
5 White < 12 Yes

18. #2 - Back - Body condition score (BCS)
• Many worms can cause a loss of body condition.
• Poor or declining body condition can also be a
sign of age, poor nutrition, or other diseases.
• Animals also vary in their ability to carry and hold
body condition.

19. Body condition scoring (BCS)
• Is used to determine how fat
or thin an animal is.
• Cannot be determined by
simply looking at an animal.
• Is accomplished by feeling for
the amount of fat and muscle
over the back, ribs, and loin.
• Is one of the most useful
management practices.
Should be done on a regular
basis.

20. Body Condition Scoring Goats
Score Spineous process Rib cage Loin eye
1 Very thin
Easy to see and feel,
sharp
Easy to feel and can feel
under
No fat covering
2 Thin
Easy to feel, but
smooth
Smooth, slightly rounded,
need to use slight pressure
to feel
Smooth, even fat
cover
3
Good
condition
Smooth and rounded Smooth, even feel
Smooth, even fat
cover
4 Fat
Can feel with firm
pressure, no points can
be felt
Individual ribs cannot be
felt, but can still feel indent
between ribs
Thick fat
5 Obese
Smooth, no individual
vertebra can be felt
Individual ribs cannot be
felt. No separation of ribs
felt.
Thick fat covering,
may be lumpy and
“jiggly”
Source: www.smallstock.info

22. Langston University resources on
body condition scoring
Card
(similar to FAMACHA card)
Factsheet
YouTube video

23. #3 - Tail - dag score
• The hindquarters of the animal are assessed to
determine dag score or degree of fecal soiling.
• Many worms can cause scours (diarrhea).
• Stress and diet are other causes of diarrhea.

24. What are dags?
• Dried feces left dangling on the wool on a
sheep’s rear end.

25. Dag scoring
Score Description Action
0
No fecal soiling at all. No indication for
treatment/action.
None
1
Very slight soiling on edge of tail/on
each side
None
2 Slight soiling on edge of tail/on each side Usually none
3 Moderate soiling, dag formation
Consider
treatment/action
4 Severe soiling, severe dag formation
Treatment
recommended
5
Very severe, watering diarrhea
extending to hocks.
Treatment essential
Source: University of Pretoria

27. #4 - Bottle jaw
(submandibular subcutaneous edema)
• An accumulation of fluid
(swelling) under the
lower jaw of a
sheep, goat, or calf.
• Usually a result of anemia
(blood loss).
• Occurs primarily due to
the infestation of barber
pole worms (Haemonchus
contortus) or other blood-
feeding parasites.

28. #5 - Coat condition
• The condition of a goat’s hair coat can be indicative of its
overall health and thriftiness.
• At the Western Maryland Research & Education Center, we
use a scoring system of 1-3, where 2 is average coat quality.

29. Other factors to consider
…especially when deciding whether to deworm FAMACHA 3’s
• Scores of other goats
• Fecal consistency
• Weight gain
• Fecal egg count
• Risk of reinfection
• Frequency of
FAMACHA© scoring
and Five Point Check©

30. Which dewormer to use
FAMACHA© 4 or 5 Most effective dewormer
FAMACHA© 3 - High risk Most effective dewormer
FAMACHA© 3 - Low risk Less effective dewormer
Multiple drug resistance Drugs from 2 or 3 anthelmintic classes
Quarantine drench Albendazole + moxidectin + levamisole
(Valbazen® + Cydectin® + Prohibit®)
Tapeworms Fenbendazole or Albendazole
(SafeGuard® or Valbazen®)
Tapeworms tend to be non-pathogenic and there is
no evidence to suggest a treatment benefit (sheep).
Liver fluke Albendazole (Valbazen®)
Meningeal worm Fenbendazole + ivermectin
(SafeGuard® + Ivomec®)
Nasal bots and other external
parasites
Ivermectin (Ivomec® drench)

31. American Consortium for Small
Ruminant Parasite Control (ACSRPC)
www.acsrpc.org

32. Thank you for your attention.