This document discusses the geopolitical issues surrounding Kashmir. It notes that Kashmir is divided among India, Pakistan, and China and has been a source of conflict. The document outlines the history of conflict in Kashmir since the late 1980s, including massacres of protesters by Indian troops and the forced displacement of Kashmiri Hindus. It examines different scenarios for resolving the Kashmir issue and discusses what independence could mean for the various stakeholders.

1. Made by – MANJARI SHARMA
Submitted to – Mr. K. Ramesh
KASHMIR : A MERGED
LANDSCAPE IN
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

2. WHY IS KASHMIR A VAXING
PROBLEM ?
PROBLEMS
COULD
EMBOLDENED
OTHER
GROUPS OF
INDIA
TERRORISM
RELIGION
3 SUB-REGION
COLD REGION
HILLS OF
KASHMIR
INDUS RIVER

3. The state has 3 sub regions- JAMMU,KASHMIR and LADAKH. In
Kashmir Muslims are pre dominant however in Jammu and Ladakh Hindus
and Buddhist are dominant.
It was extremely cold region the hills and terrain cutting is not as easy as it
looks on the map.
The hills are strategically important to both countries. The hills of Kashmir
slope into the crucial region of Punjab on both sides of the border.
The region carries the Indus water that is extremely crucial for both
Pakistan and Nothern India.
KASHMIR PROBLEM

4. The status of Hindu in Pakistan is infinitely worse than that of the Muslims
in India. That means any solution that involves Hindus ending up in Pakistan
is far worse than a solution involving Muslims ending up in India .
Terrorism. The region adjoins extremely troubled regions such as Nothern
Pakistan, Afganistan, Xinjiang in china and central Asia .
India is a highly heterogeneous country and removing Kashmir could
emboldened other separatist groups all over the nation .

5. TWO SCENARIOS
1. Formalize the status quo and make the Line Of
Control into a permanent border. India would
formally give up the regions that it still shows in its
map and Pakistan can fully integrate its part of
Kashmir .
2. Let India and Pakistan give up their control of the
valley and make the valley region into quasi-
independent nation with UN control or a guarded
neutrality similar to Switzerland . This could act as a
sort of buffer state . India and Pakistan could
provide 50% of armed forced each to its new
authority .

6. JOURNEY FROM
1965
Bangladesh
seceded
from
Pakistan
with Indian
help
LOC
drawn,
Siachen
conflict
1965
CHINA
attacked
on India
Mujahids ,
Gazhwa -e-
Hind..
thanks to
Zia Ul Haq
Kargil
happened
Delhi
parliament
attack
Bombay
attack
1971
1984
1989
1999
2001
2008

7. PAST : HISTORY OF
CONFLICT
• Kashmir’s conflict seems to start in the year 1989. In year
1846 Kashmir was purchased by Dogra Maharaja GULAB
SINGH
• His rule is described as exploitative with laws like Chakra
where Hindu subject could beseech the king and get land
rights to land which belonged to Muslim peasants .
• July 13, saw an uprising, in which 21 people were killed by
dogra soldiers. Constantly, july 13 is observed as Youm-e-
Shuhada in Kashmir .
• Kashmir acceded to India. State’s relation with India was to
be guided under 370 which entailed greater autonomy to
state.
• This article specifies that except for defence, foreign affairs,
finance and communication the Indian Parliament needs
the state government’s concurrence for applying all other
laws.
• Thus the state’s residents lived under a separate set of laws,
including those related to citizenship, ownership of
property and fundamental rights as compared to other
Indians.

8. 1989
 End of Soviet occupation of Afganistan releases a great deal of militant energy and weapons
to kashmir.
 Pakistan provides arms and trannings to both indigenous and foreign militants in kashmir ,
thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley.

9. GAWAKADAL MASSACRE
 On JANVARY 19 ,1990, the night Jagmohan
was appointed governer, Indian security forces
conducted extensive , warrantless , and therefore
illegal house-to-house searches in Srinagar in an
effort , to find illegal weapons .
 next morning 1000 of Kashmiris took to the
streets in protests , demanding independence .
Jagmohan responded by putting the city under
curfew .
 An estimated 100 people were killed when this
large group of unarmed protesters was fired
upon the Indian troops at the Gawakadal bridge.
There were numerous other documented
incidents like BIJBEHERA MASSACRE
,CHITPISINGHPURA MASSACRE ,
SOPORE MASSACRE .

11. 13 FEBRUARY
 On this date director of Srinagar
Doordarshan , was killed by the militants
for implementing pro-Indian media
policy.
 The JKLF tried to explain that the
kiLlings of pandits were not communal ,
the murders cause a scare among the
minority Hindu community .
 The rise of new militants groups , some
warnings in anonymous posters and
some unexplained members of the
community contributed to an
atmosphere of insecurity for the
Kashmiri Pandits .
 Most of the estimated 162, 500 hindus in
the valley , including the entire kashmiri
pandits flat the valley in march .

12. CURRENT STATUS IN POLITICAL
DIVISION
 The eastern region of the former princely state of kashmir has also been involved in
a boundary dispute .
 In the late 19th – and early 20th centuries , although some boundary agreements were
signed b/w Great Britain , Afganistan and Russia over the northern borders of
kashmir , China never accepted these agreements and China’s official position did not
change with the communist revolution in 1949 .
 The region is divided amongst 3 countries in TERRITORIAL dispte : Pakistan ,
India and China..
 India controls 101,338 km sq , Pakistan controls 85,846 km sq , China controls the
remainig 37,555 km sq .
 Jammu and Pakistan administerd Kashmir lie outside Pir Panjal range .

13. IS “AZADI” REALLY THE ANSWER
 No body knows . Majority in kashmir demands azadi but no body knows what it really
means . Azadi isn’t pin pointed and demarcated .
 The geo – political location of kashmir b/w India , Pakistan and China puts it in a very
tough situation it would most likely end up being a proxy state in case of indipedent

14. WHAT DOES AZADI MEAN FOR
INDIA
 Indian policies in kashmir have been questioned and criticized . The failure of 1987
elections is seen by many as breaking point in Kashimr .
 There has been a long standing demand for removal of Armed Forces Act from the state.
 The chief minister held talks with home minister in this regard but Army is not willing to
work without it . Even a partial revocation from Srinagar hasn’t been accepted .
 Government of India held round table conferrence with separatist which stopped in the
year 2008 and 2010 was result of it .

15. WHAT WOULD ISLAMIST MAKE OF
KASHMIR ONCE IT GOES
INDEPENDENT ??
 Kashmir has been a major center of sufism . The worst part of situation is the
anger of prople is being used to justify the poor governance, poor justice , attacks
on endividual self stemm .
 The logic that support AFSPA , is India has seen alienation of its own land in
naxalite area .