1. THE DEVELOPMENT
AND
REVITALIZATION
OF CITIES DURING
THE 20 TH CENTURY
; BY VARIOYS
CONCEPTS AND
THEORIES

3. GARDEN CITY
CONCEPT
 GIVEN BY EBENZER HOWARD
 HE ANALYSED THE REASONS FOR PEOPLE TO
MOVE TO CITY OR COUNTRY SIDE.
 THIS CONCEPT ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE AND SOLVE
SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
 THE GARDEN CITY CONSISTS FOR DIFFERENT
ZONES,STREET TYPES AND GREEN.
 THE CORE IN CENTRE IS ABOUT 4 SQ KM. &
CONTAINS CENTRAL PARK, SURROUNDED BY A
COMMERCIAL,CULTURAL & ADMINSTRATIVE ZONE .
 TO AVOID PROBLEMS WHICH OCCURS IN CITUY
EXPAINSION, THE CONCEPT LIMITS THE CITY MAX.
POPULATION TO 32,000 PEOPLE.
 THUS NEW CITY HAS TO BE FOUND IN A
REASONABLE DISTANCE OF 7KM., SO THE CITIES ARE
WELL CONNECTED.

4. G
A
R
D
E 0000
C
N I
T
Y

5. GEDDIAN TRIO
CONCEPT
• GAVE NEW APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EXISTING TOWNS & NEW TECHNIQUES OF
PLANNING.
• A TOWN IS INTEGRATION OF ‘FOLK, WORK &
PLACE’.
• THIS MEANS THAT IN PREPARING A PLAN WE
MUST TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION :
- THE NO. AND THE KIND OF PEOPLE.
- THEIR NEEDS FOR WORK.
-& PLACE (HOUSING, EDUCATION RECREATION &
AMENTIES).
• ALL DATA MUST BE ANALYSED & THEN
DEVELOPED.
• HIS TECHNIQUE OF PLANNING WERE
(a) SURVEY BEFORE PLAN.
(b) PLAN BEFORE DEVELOPMENT.
• OBSEVE TO ENDERSTAND & UNDERSTAND TO
FORSEE.

7. CITY OF TOMORROW -
 CONCEPT BY LE CORBUSIER
 HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE PREFER TO LIVE IN
SUBURB RATHER THAN A CITY.
 THUS HE CONCLUDED THAT THE CENTRE SHOULD
BE FOPR COMMERCE, SURROUNDED BY 2 BELTS OF
RESIDENTIAL AREA.
 HIS CONCEPTS SUGGESTED THAT THE CENTRE OF A
GREAT CITY SHOULD CONSIST MAINLY OF
SKYSCRAPPERS – EXCLUSIVELY FOR COMMERCIAL
USE & AREA OCCUPIED BY THESE SHOULD NOT BE
GREATER THAN 5%.
 THE REMAINING 95% SHOULD BE PARKS WITH
TREES.
 SURROUNDING THE CENTER THERE WOULD BE
BELT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, IN THE FORM OF
THOSE ZIGIZAG BLOCKS WITH “SET BACKS”.

9. BROAD ACRE CITY
CONCEPT
 URBAN, SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT.
 PROPOSED BY FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
 IT WAS BOTH A PLANNING STATEMENT AND A
SOCIO-POLITICAL SCHEME.
 EACH FAMILY WOULD BE GIVEN 1 ACRE (4000 SQ M)
OF PLOT OF LAND.
 IT WAS EXACT OPPOSITE OF TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT.

11. NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT
CONCEPT
 THIS CONCEPT CRYSTALIZED FROM THE PREVAILING SOCIAL
INTELLECTUAL ATTITUDES FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT.
 THIS CONCEPT WAS DEVELOPED BY CLARENCE PERRY AND
OBSERVED BY LOUIS MUMJORD.
 FOLLOWING WERE THE PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT:
a) CENTRE THE SCHOOL, SO THAT CHILD CAN EASILY WALK TO
SCHOOL.
b) SIZE OF NEIGHBOURHOOD REDUCE TO 5000 TO 9000 RESIDENT
TO HAVE 1 SCHOOL AMONG THEM.
c) PLACE ARTERIAL STREETS ALONG PERIMETER TO DEFINE &
DISTINGUISH PLACE FROM NEIGHBOURHOOD.
d) DESIGN INTERNAL STREETS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN STREETS,
USE CURVILINEAR DESIGN FOR SAFETY & AESTHETICS.
e) RESTRICT LOCAL SHOPPING AREA TO THE PERIMETER.
f) DEDICETE 10% OF NEIGHBOURHOOD LAND TO PARKS & OPEN
SPACES.
 IN SHORT HAVE A COMMUNITY LIVING WITHIN A CITY.

12. CONCEPT OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT.
 THE CONCEPT TERMED AS EKISTICS,MEANING SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
 THIS WAS COINED BY K.A. DOXIADIS.
 THIS INCLUDES REGIONAL, CITY, COMMUNITY PLANNING
&DWELLING DESIGN.
 HE ORGANIZED 5 EKISTIC ELEMENTS : NATURE, ANTHROPOS,
SOCIETY,SHELLS & NEHOORKS.
 EKISTICS AIMS TO ENCOMPASS ALL SCALES OF HUMAN HABITATION
& SEEK TO LEARN FROM ARCHAEOSLOGICAL HISTORIC RECORD, AS
MUCH AS POSSIBLE, AT TOTAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN.
 THE KEY PRINCIPLES WERE:
a) OPTIMIZATION OF POTENTIAL CONTACTS.
b) MINIMIZE EFFORTS TO MAKE CONTACTS.
c) TRY TO MAKE THINGS EASY & EASY ACCESIBLITY.
d) OPTIMIZATION OPF PROTECTIVE OPEN SPACE.
e) WASTE BALANCE WITH BENVIRONMENT.
f) SYNTHESIS OF ALL PRINCIPLES.

13. MILE HIGH CITY
CONCEPT
THIS GAVE NEW DIRECTION TO LIVING.. THIS
WAS A CONCEPT BASED ON VERTICAL LIVING.
 THIS EXPLAINS THAT A TOWER 1 MILE HIGH
SHALL BE BUILT AND ALL COMMUNITY SHALL LIVE
IN IT .
 THE IDEA OF THIS LIVING CAME SO THAT THE
LAND COULD BE UTILIZED FOR GREENING
PURPOSES.

15. SINGLE NUCLEI THEORY
 This is a model of urban land use in which a city grows from CENTRAL
POINT.
 Centre being the Nucleus is the major part of the city.
 The major complexes formed the centre of the city and other parts of
city originate from the centre of the nucleus.

16. MULTI NUCLEI THEORY
 This model is a model of urban land use in which a city grows from several
independent points rather than from one central business district. Each point acts
as a growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as industry, retail, or
high-quality housing. As these expand, they merge to form a single urban area.
 Some centers or nodes include:
o ports,
o universities,
o airports,
o parks,
o neighborhood business centers.
 Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model
1) Negligence of height of buildings.
2) Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
3) Each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity and not
homogeneity.
4) Unawareness of inertia forces.
5) No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
6) The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different
cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

17. SECTOR THEORY
 DEVELOPED BY HOMER HOYT.
 BASIC IDEA: ONCE CONTRASTS IN LAND
USE HAD ARISEN NEAR THE CENTRE OF A
CITY, THESE DIFFERENCES WERE
PERPETUATED AS THE CITY EXPANDED.
 DISTINCTIVE SECTORS OF LAND USE WERE
LIKELY TO GROW OUT FROM THE CENTER
OFTEN FOCUSED ON MAJOR ROUTEWAYS.
 IT WAS A WEDGE LIKE EXPANSION,
WHICH WAS ALSO AN IMPROVEMENT TO
PREVIOUS THEORIES.