The document discusses pollution of the Ganges River in India. It provides background on the river's importance in Hinduism and as a source of life. The river is now heavily polluted due to population growth, urbanization, and industrial/agricultural waste. Studies over the decades show increasing pollution levels, with the most recent finding that Ganges water at Haridwar exceeds standards for drinking, bathing, and agriculture due to high coliform levels from human and industrial waste. The river's holiness has not prevented overuse and pollution that now threatens its ability to support life.
The document discusses pollution in the Ganga River. It provides several sources of pollution including untreated sewage, industrial waste, and religious rituals. It analyzes water quality data from various cities that show dissolved oxygen, BOD, and coliform levels exceeding standards. Efforts to clean the river including the Ganga Action Plan, National Ganga River Basin Authority, and Namami Gange program are outlined. Recommendations include addressing inadequate water flow, untreated sewage discharge, and point source industrial pollution.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from the large population living along its banks, as well as untreated industrial and agricultural runoff. Various initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to clean the river, including the Ganga Action Plan in the 1980s and a $4 billion campaign beginning in 2010, but pollution remains a major problem. The pollution has negatively impacted marine life in the river and has caused health issues for humans who use the water.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
The document summarizes information about the Ganges River, including its religious significance in Hinduism, the cities along its banks, how it provides water to 40% of India's population, and how it has become heavily polluted in modern times due to human and industrial waste. It also discusses the objectives and phases of the Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the river, but which ultimately failed due to issues like inappropriate planning, lack of cooperation between levels of government, and not providing consistent electricity to run treatment facilities.
The document discusses the Ganga river basin and India's efforts to clean the Ganga river through programs like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Gange. It provides details on Namami Gange's four phases and key activities including river surface cleaning using trash skimmers, rural sanitation through toilet construction and crematoria development, municipal sewage management through additional sewage treatment plants, effluent management of industries, and conservation of biodiversity, afforestation, and water quality monitoring. Support from all levels of government and the public is needed to fully rejuvenate the Ganga river.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the Ganga river, but efforts to decrease pollution levels continued beyond 2000 without success. Reasons for failure included a lack of cooperation between government bodies, inadequate monitoring, and insufficient public involvement. In 2009, the National Ganga River Basin Authority was constituted to plan, implement, and coordinate Ganga conservation efforts, including securing World Bank funds for pollution abatement projects. Addressing untreated sewage discharge, inadequate river flows, and lack of enforcement against industrial pollution will be needed for comprehensive solutions.
This is the PowerPoint which gives best of the knowledge of Ganga action plan with most elegant and shortest way. we will talk about the most worshipped river and about the purity of this river which is going on depleting.
The document discusses pollution in the Ganga River. It provides several sources of pollution including untreated sewage, industrial waste, and religious rituals. It analyzes water quality data from various cities that show dissolved oxygen, BOD, and coliform levels exceeding standards. Efforts to clean the river including the Ganga Action Plan, National Ganga River Basin Authority, and Namami Gange program are outlined. Recommendations include addressing inadequate water flow, untreated sewage discharge, and point source industrial pollution.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from the large population living along its banks, as well as untreated industrial and agricultural runoff. Various initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to clean the river, including the Ganga Action Plan in the 1980s and a $4 billion campaign beginning in 2010, but pollution remains a major problem. The pollution has negatively impacted marine life in the river and has caused health issues for humans who use the water.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
The document summarizes information about the Ganges River, including its religious significance in Hinduism, the cities along its banks, how it provides water to 40% of India's population, and how it has become heavily polluted in modern times due to human and industrial waste. It also discusses the objectives and phases of the Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the river, but which ultimately failed due to issues like inappropriate planning, lack of cooperation between levels of government, and not providing consistent electricity to run treatment facilities.
The document discusses the Ganga river basin and India's efforts to clean the Ganga river through programs like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Gange. It provides details on Namami Gange's four phases and key activities including river surface cleaning using trash skimmers, rural sanitation through toilet construction and crematoria development, municipal sewage management through additional sewage treatment plants, effluent management of industries, and conservation of biodiversity, afforestation, and water quality monitoring. Support from all levels of government and the public is needed to fully rejuvenate the Ganga river.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the Ganga river, but efforts to decrease pollution levels continued beyond 2000 without success. Reasons for failure included a lack of cooperation between government bodies, inadequate monitoring, and insufficient public involvement. In 2009, the National Ganga River Basin Authority was constituted to plan, implement, and coordinate Ganga conservation efforts, including securing World Bank funds for pollution abatement projects. Addressing untreated sewage discharge, inadequate river flows, and lack of enforcement against industrial pollution will be needed for comprehensive solutions.
This is the PowerPoint which gives best of the knowledge of Ganga action plan with most elegant and shortest way. we will talk about the most worshipped river and about the purity of this river which is going on depleting.
1) The Ganga River is over 2,500 km long and flows through several important cities in India. However, it is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to increased industrial and domestic waste.
2) Pollution is causing harm to aquatic life and increasing cancer rates in nearby populations. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are the primary causes of pollution.
3) The Indian government has undertaken various initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan and National Ganga River Basin Authority to clean the river, but more work is still needed to achieve the goal of stopping untreated waste by 2020.
A general basic case study on the river Ganga at Varanasi covering all the aspects of Pollution, Government'r role, Treatment facilities, Future prospects, Health status of river.
The Ganga River is highly polluted despite being an important religious site and source of water. It ranks as one of the five most polluted rivers globally. Industrial and human waste are major causes of pollution, threatening biodiversity and spreading disease. Previous government programs like Ganga Action Plans I and II and the National River Conservation Plan have spent billions to address the issue but with limited success. The current Namami Ganga program aims to more effectively clean the river with public participation through donations and volunteerism.
This document summarizes a case study on sewage treatment and reuse. It discusses the objectives of conserving water and reusing treated water effectively. It describes the various treatment processes used, including primary treatment involving screening and settling, secondary treatment using UASB reactors and lagoons, and disinfection. The case study then analyzes a specific research study on treating sewage in India using activated sludge, chlorination, and dual media filtration. It provides results showing reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, and coliform during treatment. The conclusion states that dual media filtration helps further treat sewage water to allow reuse rather than discharge, preserving natural resources and the environment.
King Bhagiratha brought the Ganges River from heaven to earth through his penance. Lord Shiva caught the mighty river in his matted hair to reduce its force so it would not damage the earth. The Ganges was once much cleaner but is now severely polluted by toxic and non-biodegradable waste from industries, cities, and farms, with coliform counts far exceeding standards and harming marine life, wildlife, and humans. The Indian government has attempted to address this through programs like the Ganga Action Plan, the National River Ganga Basin Authority, and Supreme Court actions, which use various water treatment techniques to intercept, divert, and treat sewage in the river. Some individuals have also worked
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater runoff from rooftops or land surfaces before it reaches the aquifer. It helps recharge groundwater for uses like irrigation, drinking water, and livestock. There are two main methods of rainwater harvesting - surface runoff collection and rooftop collection, where the roof acts as a catchment to collect rainwater and funnel it into a storage system using pipes and filters. The storage systems include tanks, barrels, and recharge pits or trenches that allow water to percolate back into the groundwater. Rainwater harvesting provides many benefits like water conservation, reducing soil erosion, and saving money.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 with the objectives of improving water quality in the Ganga River by treating domestic sewage and preventing toxic industrial waste, and subsequent plans and programs aimed to further conserve biodiversity, develop new treatment technologies, control non-point pollution sources, and promote awareness of pollution issues. Phases of the plan covered major cities and states along the Ganga River in an effort to ultimately make the river clean by 2020 through infrastructure development, surface cleaning, afforestation, monitoring, and public education.
The document summarizes the Sardar Sarover Dam Project on the Narmada River in India. It describes the key details of the project including its goals to provide irrigation, drinking water, flood protection and hydropower. It outlines the project's components such as the dam specifications and reservoir capacity. It also discusses the benefits and impacts of the project, including people displaced, and the authorities involved in its planning and oversight such as the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal.
The Ganga River is the most sacred river to Hindus and a lifeline for millions in India. It is over 2,500 km long and flows through the heavily populated Gangetic Plain. However, the Ganga is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from over 29 cities, 70 towns, and thousands of villages along its banks, as well as 146 industries discharging untreated waste. The pollution is harming biodiversity and posing serious risks to human health. Efforts are needed to clean the Ganga River.
A presentation on current day scenario of depletion of "Mother River" Ganga, a river treated as a divine path to god and immortality is fighting for its own existence today.
Also contains a little description of water pollution and silver linings of Ganga purification
The Ganga River originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through northern India and Bangladesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal through its vast delta. It is over 2,500 km long and is considered sacred in Hinduism. The river is fed by melting snow and ice from the glaciers in the Himalayas and is joined by the Yamuna River along its course through the plains of northern India. It supports agriculture through irrigation and provides hydroelectric power but also faces significant pollution issues from human waste as it flows through densely populated areas.
MRL in Chennai has two treatment plants to treat effluents according to quality standards before discharge. Effluents include cooling water, sour and merox water, and floor wash and stream water contaminated with oil, grease, hydrogen sulfide, phenols, and acids/alkalis. MRL also installed non-chromate treatment and tertiary treatment of sewage to further improve water management.
The Taj Mahal was damaged by acid rain caused by SO3 emissions from nearby industries and refineries reacting with moisture. This led to the formation of the Taj Trapezium Pollution Control Authority to regulate pollution.
The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 exposed thousands to methyl isocyan
The Ganges River is severely polluted with toxic metals, acids, excrements and plutonium which is causing millions of Indians to get waterborne diseases every year. The Ganges Action Plan launched in 1985 has not fully addressed the pollution issues. While some industries have been closed and awareness campaigns conducted, one person still dies every 60 seconds from diarrhea and many suffer from diseases due to the contaminated water.
This document discusses the pollution of the Yamuna River in India. It provides background on the river, including its source and length. It then discusses how the river has become one of the most polluted in the country due to waste from Delhi. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are dumped directly into the river. The document outlines specific pollution levels and the major sources of pollution. It concludes with proposed solutions to minimize pollution, including waste treatment plants, banning certain activities, and raising awareness.
This document discusses water pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and measures to control it. Water pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants in water that can harm organisms or impair water's usefulness. The main causes of water pollution are domestic and industrial waste, sewage, solid waste, acid rain, oil industry waste, and excess aquatic plants. The effects of water pollution include death of aquatic organisms, rivers becoming dumping grounds, and shortage of drinking water. Measures to control water pollution include stabilizing ecosystems, sewage treatment plants, ion exchange methods, and reverse osmosis.
1) The study analyzed the microbial risks from exposure to pathogens in the Yamuna River for villagers in village DD. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate annual infection risks from Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. for different exposure scenarios.
2) Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the risks, which showed mean annual infection risks exceeding international guidelines. Drinking river water posed the highest risks. Children and pregnant women were most vulnerable.
3) Risk management recommendations included establishing water treatment, sanitation improvements, and public awareness campaigns about water boiling and filtration to reduce microbial concentrations and infection risks.
Water Scarcity & Conservation of water pptKeyur Rana
water scarcity
conservation water
water saving
problems of water scarcity
causes of water scarcity
types of water conservation
types of water scarcity
factors of water scarcity
Clean City, Clean India and Green WorldSunil Bhatt
We can keep our city clean only with the peoples participation. so first to keep our city clean there should be a huge awareness to the public through media, also the government should take major role in conducting awareness programs to public and also introduce new rules.
This document summarizes a project by students at a middle school in Nallambakkam, India to raise awareness about the negative environmental impacts of babool trees and promote replacing them with more beneficial trees. The students organized a rally, distributed pamphlets, and gave speeches to educate villagers about how babool trees absorb moisture from the air but emit carbon dioxide, contributing to dry conditions. They worked to remove babool trees from their school and village. The students celebrated planting replacement saplings and invited community members to participate. Their goal was to transform their school into a "clean green" environment.
1) The Ganga River is over 2,500 km long and flows through several important cities in India. However, it is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to increased industrial and domestic waste.
2) Pollution is causing harm to aquatic life and increasing cancer rates in nearby populations. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are the primary causes of pollution.
3) The Indian government has undertaken various initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan and National Ganga River Basin Authority to clean the river, but more work is still needed to achieve the goal of stopping untreated waste by 2020.
A general basic case study on the river Ganga at Varanasi covering all the aspects of Pollution, Government'r role, Treatment facilities, Future prospects, Health status of river.
The Ganga River is highly polluted despite being an important religious site and source of water. It ranks as one of the five most polluted rivers globally. Industrial and human waste are major causes of pollution, threatening biodiversity and spreading disease. Previous government programs like Ganga Action Plans I and II and the National River Conservation Plan have spent billions to address the issue but with limited success. The current Namami Ganga program aims to more effectively clean the river with public participation through donations and volunteerism.
This document summarizes a case study on sewage treatment and reuse. It discusses the objectives of conserving water and reusing treated water effectively. It describes the various treatment processes used, including primary treatment involving screening and settling, secondary treatment using UASB reactors and lagoons, and disinfection. The case study then analyzes a specific research study on treating sewage in India using activated sludge, chlorination, and dual media filtration. It provides results showing reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, and coliform during treatment. The conclusion states that dual media filtration helps further treat sewage water to allow reuse rather than discharge, preserving natural resources and the environment.
King Bhagiratha brought the Ganges River from heaven to earth through his penance. Lord Shiva caught the mighty river in his matted hair to reduce its force so it would not damage the earth. The Ganges was once much cleaner but is now severely polluted by toxic and non-biodegradable waste from industries, cities, and farms, with coliform counts far exceeding standards and harming marine life, wildlife, and humans. The Indian government has attempted to address this through programs like the Ganga Action Plan, the National River Ganga Basin Authority, and Supreme Court actions, which use various water treatment techniques to intercept, divert, and treat sewage in the river. Some individuals have also worked
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater runoff from rooftops or land surfaces before it reaches the aquifer. It helps recharge groundwater for uses like irrigation, drinking water, and livestock. There are two main methods of rainwater harvesting - surface runoff collection and rooftop collection, where the roof acts as a catchment to collect rainwater and funnel it into a storage system using pipes and filters. The storage systems include tanks, barrels, and recharge pits or trenches that allow water to percolate back into the groundwater. Rainwater harvesting provides many benefits like water conservation, reducing soil erosion, and saving money.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 with the objectives of improving water quality in the Ganga River by treating domestic sewage and preventing toxic industrial waste, and subsequent plans and programs aimed to further conserve biodiversity, develop new treatment technologies, control non-point pollution sources, and promote awareness of pollution issues. Phases of the plan covered major cities and states along the Ganga River in an effort to ultimately make the river clean by 2020 through infrastructure development, surface cleaning, afforestation, monitoring, and public education.
The document summarizes the Sardar Sarover Dam Project on the Narmada River in India. It describes the key details of the project including its goals to provide irrigation, drinking water, flood protection and hydropower. It outlines the project's components such as the dam specifications and reservoir capacity. It also discusses the benefits and impacts of the project, including people displaced, and the authorities involved in its planning and oversight such as the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal.
The Ganga River is the most sacred river to Hindus and a lifeline for millions in India. It is over 2,500 km long and flows through the heavily populated Gangetic Plain. However, the Ganga is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from over 29 cities, 70 towns, and thousands of villages along its banks, as well as 146 industries discharging untreated waste. The pollution is harming biodiversity and posing serious risks to human health. Efforts are needed to clean the Ganga River.
A presentation on current day scenario of depletion of "Mother River" Ganga, a river treated as a divine path to god and immortality is fighting for its own existence today.
Also contains a little description of water pollution and silver linings of Ganga purification
The Ganga River originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through northern India and Bangladesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal through its vast delta. It is over 2,500 km long and is considered sacred in Hinduism. The river is fed by melting snow and ice from the glaciers in the Himalayas and is joined by the Yamuna River along its course through the plains of northern India. It supports agriculture through irrigation and provides hydroelectric power but also faces significant pollution issues from human waste as it flows through densely populated areas.
MRL in Chennai has two treatment plants to treat effluents according to quality standards before discharge. Effluents include cooling water, sour and merox water, and floor wash and stream water contaminated with oil, grease, hydrogen sulfide, phenols, and acids/alkalis. MRL also installed non-chromate treatment and tertiary treatment of sewage to further improve water management.
The Taj Mahal was damaged by acid rain caused by SO3 emissions from nearby industries and refineries reacting with moisture. This led to the formation of the Taj Trapezium Pollution Control Authority to regulate pollution.
The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 exposed thousands to methyl isocyan
The Ganges River is severely polluted with toxic metals, acids, excrements and plutonium which is causing millions of Indians to get waterborne diseases every year. The Ganges Action Plan launched in 1985 has not fully addressed the pollution issues. While some industries have been closed and awareness campaigns conducted, one person still dies every 60 seconds from diarrhea and many suffer from diseases due to the contaminated water.
This document discusses the pollution of the Yamuna River in India. It provides background on the river, including its source and length. It then discusses how the river has become one of the most polluted in the country due to waste from Delhi. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are dumped directly into the river. The document outlines specific pollution levels and the major sources of pollution. It concludes with proposed solutions to minimize pollution, including waste treatment plants, banning certain activities, and raising awareness.
This document discusses water pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and measures to control it. Water pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants in water that can harm organisms or impair water's usefulness. The main causes of water pollution are domestic and industrial waste, sewage, solid waste, acid rain, oil industry waste, and excess aquatic plants. The effects of water pollution include death of aquatic organisms, rivers becoming dumping grounds, and shortage of drinking water. Measures to control water pollution include stabilizing ecosystems, sewage treatment plants, ion exchange methods, and reverse osmosis.
1) The study analyzed the microbial risks from exposure to pathogens in the Yamuna River for villagers in village DD. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate annual infection risks from Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. for different exposure scenarios.
2) Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the risks, which showed mean annual infection risks exceeding international guidelines. Drinking river water posed the highest risks. Children and pregnant women were most vulnerable.
3) Risk management recommendations included establishing water treatment, sanitation improvements, and public awareness campaigns about water boiling and filtration to reduce microbial concentrations and infection risks.
Water Scarcity & Conservation of water pptKeyur Rana
water scarcity
conservation water
water saving
problems of water scarcity
causes of water scarcity
types of water conservation
types of water scarcity
factors of water scarcity
Clean City, Clean India and Green WorldSunil Bhatt
We can keep our city clean only with the peoples participation. so first to keep our city clean there should be a huge awareness to the public through media, also the government should take major role in conducting awareness programs to public and also introduce new rules.
This document summarizes a project by students at a middle school in Nallambakkam, India to raise awareness about the negative environmental impacts of babool trees and promote replacing them with more beneficial trees. The students organized a rally, distributed pamphlets, and gave speeches to educate villagers about how babool trees absorb moisture from the air but emit carbon dioxide, contributing to dry conditions. They worked to remove babool trees from their school and village. The students celebrated planting replacement saplings and invited community members to participate. Their goal was to transform their school into a "clean green" environment.
Ganga is the only river in the world that contains Mystery Factor X which it derives from Himalayan Rocks, River bed ,Herbal plants throughout its course .......still unknown.
This document defines inflation as a sustained increase in price levels or decrease in the value of money. Inflation occurs when the currency supply exceeds production levels. It discusses different types of inflation like open, suppressed, galloping, and hyper inflation. Causes of inflation include increased money supply, income, deficit financing, and foreign reserves. Effects are inefficiencies, uncertainty, negative trade impacts, and higher taxes. Inflation is measured by changes in consumer and producer price indexes. Ways to control inflation discussed are monetary policies like credit and currency controls, fiscal policies like spending cuts and tax increases, and other measures like boosting production and implementing price controls.
There are four main types of tissues in plants and animals:
1. Meristematic tissue, found at growing tips of stems and roots, is composed of actively dividing cells responsible for growth.
2. Permanent tissues have differentiated cells that perform specific functions and do not divide. These include simple tissues like parenchyma and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
3. The four main animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces, connective tissue connects and supports, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue conducts electrical signals.
Swachh Bharat Mission - Make India Cleanswachhbharat
Swachh Bharat is a part of Corporate Social Responsibilities activities that is started by Pumpkart.com. The organization is planning organize a number of awareness programme on how to promote cleanliness across India as per the guidelines announced by the Indian Government. Pumpkart.com has started this initiative that aimed at ending open defection. It is a way of using social media for making those people aware who defect in the open and do not follow the cleanliness practices.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national cleanliness campaign launched in India in 2014 to clean roads, streets, and infrastructure. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the campaign on October 2nd, 2014 in New Delhi, where he personally cleaned a road. The campaign aims to achieve access to sanitation facilities and drinking water for all citizens by 2019. It involves construction of toilets, waste disposal systems, and making villages and cities clean through awareness programs and community participation. The government aims to achieve an open defecation free India by 2019 at an estimated total cost of 1.96 lakh crores.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) is a national campaign launched in 2014 to clean streets, roads, and infrastructure in India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the campaign to make cleanliness a priority and inspire millions of government employees and students to participate. The campaign aims to provide sanitation facilities and clean drinking water to all Indians by 2019 as a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birthday.
PARIPURNAFOUNDATION TRUST ALWAYS ...AWARENESS TOWARDS ......BETTER SOCIETY AND BETTER LIFE.
U MUST LOVE WATER AND SANITATION TOWARDS SWACHH BHARAT. ITS GRATE GIFT TO NATION......JAI HIND
NARASIMHARAO.DAKARA
CHAIRMAN & FOUNDER
PARIPURNAFOUNDATION TRUST
VISAKHAPATNAM
SR. TRAINING SPECIALIST GOVT. PROJECTS. (CONSULTANT)
The Ganges River flows eastward through several Indian states before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It is over 1,500 miles long and is considered sacred by Hindus, who rely on it for religious rituals and daily life. However, the river is also severely polluted due to untreated sewage and waste being dumped into it from nearby cities and towns. Several efforts have been made to clean the Ganges, but environmentalists say water quality has not significantly improved.
The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows south and east through North India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. At over 2,500 km long, it is the longest river in India and second longest in the world. Millions depend on the Ganges for drinking water, bathing, agriculture, and other uses. The river is also highly revered in Hinduism and considered holy. However, the Ganges is now severely polluted due to waste from over 30 cities and towns along its banks, with efforts to clean it up through previous action plans having limited success.
The document discusses India's drainage systems and major rivers. It describes the two main river systems - the Himalayan rivers which originate in the Himalayas, including the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers, and the Peninsular rivers which flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal. It provides details on the basins and tributaries of major rivers like the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri Rivers. It also discusses the roles of rivers in the economy, issues of river pollution, and conservation efforts.
The Ganges River is one of India's most polluted rivers due to waste from cities, industries, agriculture, and religious practices being dumped into it. This pollution threatens many species and causes waterborne diseases in humans. The Namami Gange program aims to clean the Ganga through sewage treatment plants, industrial monitoring, afforestation, and more, but significant pollution from cities like Kanpur, Varanasi, and Allahabad continues to endanger both aquatic life and humans who rely on the river.
The Ganga River originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through northern India and Bangladesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal through its vast delta. It is over 2,500 km long and is considered sacred by Hindus, with many pilgrims visiting its waters and ashes being immersed in the river. However, the Ganga River is also increasingly polluted due to waste from numerous cities, towns and industries located along its banks, threatening the river's ecology and spreading water-borne diseases. Efforts have been made through plans like the Ganga Action Plan to reduce pollution and clean the river, but with limited success so far.
The Ganga River is deeply sacred in Indian culture but has become severely polluted over time. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1986, aimed to clean up the Ganga but failed to achieve its objectives despite spending over $300 million. Key reasons for the GAP's failure include mismanagement, corruption, lack of enforcement, and dilution of water quality standards. A critical examination found that GAP needs an overhaul with concrete action plans and committed leadership to restore the health of the Ganga River.
Evaluating water quality of ganga river within uttarAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality in the Ganga River within the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. 13 monitoring stations were selected along the river to test various water quality parameters like BOD, TH, PO4, NO3, EC and pH. A water quality index was calculated using a C++ program based on WHO drinking water quality standards. The results found that concentrations of several parameters exceeded acceptable limits. Maintaining water quality in the Ganga is important as it supports the livelihoods of millions of people living in its basin.
The Himalayas are the source of three major Indian rivers namely the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Ganga drains a basin of extraordinary variation in altitude,climate, land use, flora & fauna, social and cultural life.Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time immemorial. Millions depend on this great river for physical and spiritual sustenance. People have immense faith in the powers of healing and regeneration of the Ganga. It is arguably the most sacred river in the world and is deeply revered by the people of this country. The River plays a vital role in religious ceremonies and rituals. To bathe in Ganga is a lifelong ambition of many who congregate in large numbers for several river centered festivals such as Kumbh Mela and numerous Snan (bath) festivals.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed going forward, such as improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed like improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows south through India and into Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It is over 2,500 km long, making it the longest river in India and second longest in the world. The Ganges basin supports a large population and highly productive agriculture. Over 400 million people depend on the Ganges for drinking water, bathing, irrigation, industry, and other needs. However, the river is also severely polluted from sewage and industrial waste from the many cities and towns along its banks.
Measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga and to ensure continuous adequate flow of water so as to rejuvenate the river Ganga.
S5c5 chapter 5-facts and figures related to rivers of india.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the points which are necessary for us in interlinking the rivers, based on the catchment areas of the rivers, their tributaries, their course, the mountains and hills present on either the sides of the river are mentioned.
The Ganga River is one of the most sacred rivers in India. It originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows eastward before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga is revered in Hinduism and is considered holy. It is also an important source of water for hundreds of millions of people in northern India. However, the river is now one of the most polluted in the world due to waste and sewage. The Indian government has launched programs to clean the Ganga and restore its purity.
Geographical coverage is the largest – 26% of India’s land mass
Most populated basin – hosts 43% of India’s population
Annual surface water potential – 28% of India’s total
38% of India’s total estimated utilizable water comes from Ganga Basin – highest amongst all
Estimated utilizable surface water in Ganga is 48%
Nearly 40% of India’s total estimated replenishable ground water resources comes from Ganga Basin
The document provides information about the Ganga River Basin and the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). Some key points:
- The Ganga River Basin covers over 1 million square kilometers across several states in India and neighboring countries. It supports over 40% of India's population.
- The GAP was launched in 1986 with the objective of reducing pollution in the Ganga River and improving its water quality. This included intercepting and treating domestic sewage and industrial waste.
- Despite efforts under the GAP, the Ganga remains one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to continued disposal of untreated sewage and industrial/rural waste. Additional actions are needed to fully achieve the goal of cleaning the river
1) The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries form large river systems across northern India.
2) The Indus originates in Tibet and flows through India via Jammu and Kashmir, joined by tributaries like the Zaskar and Shyok.
3) The Ganga is joined by major tributaries like the Yamuna, Ghaghara, and Gandak rivers. The Bhagirathi and Alaknanda form the Ganga at Devprayag.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
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1. Submitted by:
Shradddha Samant
MMS Marketing
Div.C
Roll no. 133
A Case Study On: The
Ganga
river
water
pollution.
The pollution of environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. In the
following case study we would study how the sacred river of Ganga has
been polluted along the years and what is its present situation.
2. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 2
The Ganges………………………………………………………………………. 3
Exploitation of the river………………………………………………………….. 6
Previous work…………………………………………………………………….
7
Present Situation…………………………………………………………………
8
Cleaning efforts…………………………………………………………………
11
Conclusions and Lessons learnt……………………………………………….. 13
Recommendations……………………………………………………………….
13
References………………………………………………………………………..
14
1
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
3. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Introduction
Most ancient civilizations grew along the banks of rivers. Even today, millions of
people all over the world live on the banks of rivers and depend on them for their
survival. All of us have seen a river - large or small, either flowing through our town,
or somewhere else. Rivers are nothing more than surface water flowing down from a
higher altitude to a lower altitude due to the pull of gravity. One river might have its
source in a glacier, another in a spring or a lake. Rivers carry dissolved minerals,
organic compounds, small grains of sand, gravel, and other material as they flow
downstream.
Rivers begin as small streams, which grow wider as smaller streams and rivers join
them along their course across the land. Eventually they flow into seas or oceans.
Unfortunately most of the world's major rivers are heavily polluted. The pollution of
environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. Prior to this the agrarian cultures
created significant environmental deterioration in the form of soil erosion- through
deforestation and overgrazing. The environmental degradation is a by product of
modern civilization.
There has been a steady deterioration in the quality of water of Indian rivers over
several decades. India’s fourteen major, 55 minor and several hundred small rivers
receive millions of litres of sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes. Most of these
rivers have been rendered to the level of sewage flowing drains. There are serious
water quality problems in the cities, towns and villages using these waters. Water
borne diseases are rampant, fisheries are on decline, and even cattle are not spared
from the onslaught of pollution.
According to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) five rivers in Asia serving over 870
million people are among the most threatened in the world, as dams, water
extraction and climate change all take their toll. The Ganges, Indus, Yangtze,
Salween-Nu and Mekong-Lancang rivers make up half of the WWF’s “top ten” most
threatened river basins.
India has a large number of rivers that are lifelines for the millions living along their
banks. These rivers can be categorized into four groups:
1. Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by melting snow
and glaciers. This is why these are perennial, that is, they never dry up during
the year.
2. The Deccan Plateau Rivers, which depend on rainfall for their water.
3. The coastal rivers, especially those on the west coast, which are short and do
not retain water throughout the year.
4. The rivers in the inland drainage basin of west Rajasthan, which depend on
the rains. These rivers normally drain towards silt lakes or flow into the sand.
2
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
4. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
The Ganges
The river Ganga occupies a unique position in the cultural ethos of India. Legend
says that the river has descended from Heaven on earth as a result of the long and
arduous prayers of King Bhagirathi for the salvation of his deceased ancestors. From
times immemorial, the Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion and worship.
Millions of Hindus accept its water as sacred. Even today, people carry treasured
Ganga water all over India and abroad because it is "holy" water and known for its
"curative" properties.
However, the river is not just a legend, it is also a life-support system for the people
of India. It is important because:
• The densely populated Ganga basin is inhabited by 37 per cent of India's
population.
• The entire Ganga basin system effectively drains eight states of India.
• About 47 per cent of the total irrigated area in India is located in the Ganga basin
alone.
• It has been a major source of navigation and communication since ancient times.
• The Indo-Gangetic plain has witnessed the blossoming of India's great creative
talent.
The Ganga river
The Ganga rises on the southern slopes of the Himalayan ranges (Figure 2) from the
Gangotri glacier at 4,000 m above mean sea level. It flows swiftly for 250 km in the
mountains, descending steeply to an elevation of 288 m above mean sea level. In
the Himalayan region the Bhagirathi is joined by the tributaries Alaknanda and
Mandakini to form the Ganga. After entering the plains at Hardiwar, it winds its way
to the Bay of Bengal, covering 2,500 km through the provinces of Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar and West Bengal (Figure 1). In the plains it is joined by Ramganga, Yamuna,
Sai, Gomti, Ghaghara, Sone, Gandak, Kosi and Damodar along with many other
smaller rivers.
The Ganga river carries the highest silt load of any river in the world and the
deposition of this material in the delta region results in the largest river delta in the
world (400 km from north to south and 320 km from east to west). The rich mangrove
forests of the Gangetic delta contain very rare and valuable species of plants and
animals and are unparalleled among many forest ecosystems.
3
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
5. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Figure 1: Location map of India
showing the Ganga River
Figure 2: Map of India showing the route of the Ganga river
4
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
6. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
The Holy Ganga.
River Ganga (Ganges) of India has
been held in high esteem since time
immemorial and Hindus from all over
the world cherish the idea of a holy dip
in the river under the faith that by doing
so they will get rid of their sins of life.
More than 400 million people live along
the Ganges River. An estimated
2,000,000 persons ritually bathe daily in
the river.
Historically also, Ganga is the most
important river of the country and
beyond doubt is closely connected with
the history of civilization as can be
noticed from the location of the ancient
cities of Hardwar, Prayag, Kashi and Patliputra at its bank. To millions of people it is
sustainer of life through multitude of canal system and irrigation of the wasting load.
Hundreds of the villages and even the big cities depend for their drinking water on
this river. It is believed, a fact which has also been observed, that the water of
Ganga never decays even for months and years when water of other rivers and
agencies begins to develop bacteria and fungi within a couple of days. This selfpurification characteristic of Ganga is the key to the holiness and sanctity of its
water. The combination of bacteriophages and large populations of people bathing in
the river have apparently produced a self-purification effect, in which water-borne
bacteria such as dysentery and cholera are killed off, preventing large-scale
epidemics. The river also has an unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen.
However, the purity of the water depends on the velocity and the dilution capacity of
the river. A large part of the flow of the Ganga is abstracted for irrigation just as it
enters the plains at Hardiwar. From there it flows as a trickle for a few hundred
kilometres until Allahabad, from where it is recharged by its tributaries. The Ganga
receives over 60 per cent of its discharge from its tributaries. The contribution of
most of the tributaries to the pollution load is small, except from the Gomti, Damador
and Yamuna rivers, for which separate action programmes have already started
under Phase II of "The National Rivers Conservation Plan".
5
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
7. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Exploitation of the river
In the recent past, due to rapid progress in communications and commerce, there has been
a swift increase in the urban areas along the river Ganga, As a result the river is no longer
only a source of water but is also a channel, receiving and transporting urban wastes away
from the towns. Today, one third of the country's urban population lives in the towns of the
Ganga basin. Out of the 2,300 towns in the country, 692 are located in this basin, and of
these, 100 are located along the river bank itself.
The belief the Ganga river is "holy" has not, however, prevented over-use, abuse and
pollution of the river. All the towns along its length contribute to the pollution load. It has
been assessed that more than 80 per cent of the total pollution load (in terms of organic
pollution expressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) arises from domestic sources,
i.e. from the settlements along the river course. Due to over-abstraction of water for irrigation
in the upper regions of the river, the dry weather flow has been reduced to a trickle.
Rampant deforestation in the last few decades, resulting in topsoil erosion in the catchment
area, has increased silt deposits which, in turn, raise the river bed and lead to devastating
floods in the rainy season and stagnant flow in the dry season. Along the main river course
there are 25 towns with a population of more than 100,000 and about another 23 towns with
populations above 50,000. In addition there are 50 smaller towns with populations above
20,000. There are also about 100 identified major industries located directly on the river, of
which 68 are considered as grossly polluting. Fifty-five of these industrial units have
complied with the regulations and installed effluent treatment plants (ETPs) and legal
proceedings are in progress for the remaining units. The natural assimilative capacity of the
river is severely stressed.
The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga river can be characterised as follows:
6
Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 × 106 m3 d-1 of
domestic wastewater and 0.26 × 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the
river.
Solid garbage thrown directly into the river.
Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of
harmful pesticides and fertilisers.
Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the
river.
Defecation on the banks by the low-income people.
Mass bathing and ritualistic practices
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
8. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Previous studies
A number of investigations have been carried out on the physiochemical and
biological characters of the Ganga.
Lakshminarayana (1965) published a series of papers reporting the results of studies
carried out at Varanasi during the period between March, 1957 and March, 1958. it
was observed by him that the values of the most of the parameters decreased during
rainy season while no marked variation was observed during winters and summers.
A year later Saxena et.al. (1966) made a systematic survey of the chemical quantity
of Ganga at Kanpur. According to the study, the biological oxygen demand, i.e.
B.O.D. varied from 5.3ppm (minimum) in winter to 16.0ppm (maximum) in summer.
The chloride ranged between 9.2 and 12.7 ppm and the river was found to be
alkaline in nature except in rainy season. He concluded that the tanneries
significantly increased the pollution load of river as they discharge huge amounts of
effluents containing organic wastes and heavy metals. It was further reported that
forty five tanneries, ten textile mills and several other industrial units discharged
37.15 million gallon per day of waste water generating BOD load of approximately
61630 Kg/day.
At the 1981 session of Indian Science Congress at Varanasi, scientists expressed
concern at the growing pollution in the river Ganga in presence of the then Prime
Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi who inaugurated the session. At her instance, Dr. M.S.
Swaminathan, the then member, Planning Commission asked the Central Board for
Preventation and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi to conduct studies on the
state of the river Ganga.
In collaboration with the State Pollution Control Boards of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
Bengal and the centre for study of Man and Environment Kolkata (Calcutta), studies
were conducted on the ‘Sources’ of pollution including all human activities, land use
pattern and water quality of the river at selected sites during 1981-82 and report
entitled “Basin, sub-basin inventory of water pollution in the Ganga basin part-II” was
published in 1984. According to this report sewage of 27 class I cities and towns and
effluents from 137 major industries were the main source of pollution of the river. In
addition cremation of ad human bodies and dumping of carcasses aggrevated the
pollution of the river.
It was Chandra (1981) who conducted studies on the pollution status of river Ganga
at Allahabad, pointed out that industries manufacturing nitrogenous fertilizers have
significant role in polluting the river water.
7
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
9. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
According to the report published in a book by Mr. U.K. Sinha (1986), the
concentration of iron is higher in sediments collected from 10 metres along the bank
at Mandiri region. The concentration of all the toxic metals i.e copper, zinc, nickel
and cobalt are higher in all the sediments collected from near the storm drain and
diminishes towards mid-region of the river. The concentration of zinc is highest in the
sediments collected from near the Mandiri storm drain, Antaghat storm drain and
Krishnaghat storm drain. The concentration of copper is highest in the sediments
collected from near the Krishnaghat storm drain suggesting the presence copper due
to utensil work being done in Thatheri Bazar and hospital wastes also, said report.
The chemical pollution of the river Ganga in Patna city in Bihar state has been found
somewhat alarming beside the storm drain, especially in the regions like Rajapur,
Mandiri and Krishnaghat.
Present Situation
For some time now, this romantic view of the Ganges has collided with India's grim
realities. During the past three decades, the country's explosive growth (at nearly 1.2
billion people, India's population is second only to China's), industrialization and
rapid urbanization have put unyielding pressure on the sacred stream.
Ganga, the most sacred of rivers for Hindus, has become polluted for some years
now. But a recent study by Uttarakhand Environment Conservation and Pollution
Control Board says that the level of pollution in the holy river has reached alarming
proportions.
Things have come to such a pass that the Ganga water is at present not fit just for
drinking and bathing but has become unusable even for agricultural purposes.
As per the UECPCB study, while the level of coliform present in water should be
below 50 for drinking purposes, less than 500 for bathing and below 5000 for
agricultural use— the present level of coliform in Ganga at Haridwar has reached
5500. Based on the level of coliform, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen, the
study put the water in A, B, C and D categories. While A category is considered fit for
drinking, B for bathing, C for agriculture and D is for excessive pollution level.
Since the Ganga waters at Haridwar have more than 5000 coliform and even the
level of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen doesn't conform the prescribed
standards, it has been put in the D category.
According to the study, the main cause of high level of coliform in Ganga is due to
disposal of human faeces, urine and sewage directly into the river from its starting
point in Gaumukh till it reaches Haridwar via Rishikesh.
8
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
10. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Nearly 89 million litres of sewage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal
towns that fall along its route till Haridwar. The amount of sewage disposed into the
river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly 15 lakh pilgrims
visit the state between May and October each year.
Apart from sewage disposal of half-burnt human
bodies at Haridwar and hazardous medical
waste from the base hospital at Srinagar due to
absence of an incinerator are also adding to
pollution levels in the Ganga.
The result has been the gradual killing of one of
India's most treasured resources. One stretch of
the Yamuna River, the Ganges' main tributary,
has been devoid of all aquatic creatures for at
least a decade.
In Varanasi, India's most sacred city, the coliform bacterial count is at least 3,000
times higher than the standard established as safe by the United Nations world
Health Organization. Coliform are rod-shaped bacteria that are normally found in the
colons of humans and animals and become a serious contaminant when found in the
food or water supply.
A study by Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department pf Zoology, Patna
University, showed the presence of mercury in the Ganga river in Varanasi city.
According to the study, annual mean concentration of mercury in the river water was
0.00023 ppm. The concentration ranged from NT (not traceable) to 0.00191 ppm.
Study done by Indian Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow during 19861992 showed maximum annual concentration of mercury in the Ganga river water at
Rishikesh, Allahabad district and Dakshineswar as 0.081, 0.043 and 0.012 ppb
respectively.
Ganga river at Varanasi was found well within the maximum permissible standard of
0.001 ppm prescribed for drinking water by the World Health Organization.
The mercury studied in the Ganga river could be traced in biotic as well as abiotic
components of the river at the study site. The Hindu devotees take bath in the river
where mercury was detected in 28%, 44%,75%, 96%, 42% and 89% of the river
water, sediment, benthic fauna, fish, soil and vegetation samples respectively.
Though mercury contamination of the river water has not reached an alarming
extent, its presence in the river system is worrisome. In the study annual mean
concentration of the metal in the sediments was 0.067 ppm. Sediments constitute a
major pool of mercury in fresh water.
9
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
11. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
As Ganga enters the Varanasi city, Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal
coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times
more than is considered safe for bathing.
Four miles downstream, with inputs from 24
gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the
concentration is 3,000 times over the safety limit.
In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic.
Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded
babies, drift slowly by.
The tannery industry mushrooming in North India has converted the Ganga River
into a dumping ground. The tanning industry discharges different types of waste into
the environment, primarily in the form of liquid effluents containing organic matters,
chromium, sulphide ammonium and other salts. As per an estimate, about 80-90% of
the tanneries use chromium as a tanning agent. Of this, the hides take up only 5070%, while the rest is discharged as effluent. Pollution becomes acute when
tanneries are concentrated in clusters in small area like Kanpur. Consequently, the
Leather-tanning sector is included in the Red category of industries due to the
potential adverse environmental impact caused by tannery wastes.
Highly polluted sediments are adversely affecting the ecological functioning of rivers
due to heavy metal mobilization from urban areas into biosphere. Distribution of
heavy metals in sediments of the river Ganga and its tributaries have been carried
out by several workers. Monitoring of Ganga River from Rishikesh to Varanasi
indicated that Kannauj to Kanpur and Varanasi are the most polluted stretches of the
river Ganga . Analysis of upstream and down stream water and sediment revealed a
10-fold increase in chromium level.
10
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
12. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Cleaning efforts
Ganga Action Plan (GAP)
The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched in April 1986 in order to
reduce the pollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in
the river became more after spending Rs 901.71 Crore Therefore, this plan was
withdrawn on 31 March 2000. The steering Committee of the National River
Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction
on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase; 2
schemes have been completed under this plan. A million litres of sewage is targeted
to be intercepted, diverted and treated. Phase-II of the program was approved in
stages from 1993 onwards, and included the following tributaries of the Ganges:
Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. As of 2011, it is currently under
implementation.
Scientists and religious leaders have speculated on the causes of the river's
apparent self-purification effect, in which water-borne bacteria such
as dysentery and cholera are killed off thus preventing large-scale epidemics. Some
studies have reported that the river
retains more oxygen than is typical
for comparable rivers; this could be
a factor leading to fewer disease
agents being present in the water.
National River Ganga Basin
Authority (NRGBA)
NRGBA was established by the
Central Government of India, on 20
February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also
declared Ganges as the "National River" of India. The chair includes the Prime
Minister of India and Chief ministers of states through which the Ganges flows.
Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of many of the
industrial plants like tulsi along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the
stretch of river between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an “eco-sensitive zone”.
11
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
13. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
Conclusions and Lessons learnt
Poor resource recovery due to poor resource generation because of the lower organic
content of Indian sewage. This may be due to less nutritious dietary habits, higher water
consumption, fewer sewer connections, higher grit loads, insufficient flows and stagnation
leading to bio-degradation of the volatile fractions in the pipes themselves. The assumed
BOD design load of the plants were, in some cases, considered much higher than the actual
BOD loading. This was due to a lack of practical experience within India and the fact that
western experiences were not entirely appropriate.
The river pollution plan being "action" orientated, avoids involvement in long-term town
planning, which continues to remain deficient with respect to environmental sanitation. This
is due to a lack of overview by any stakeholding agency and to the blinkered foresight by the
already beleaguered city authorities who remain perpetually short of funds for their daily
crisis-management.
The most important lesson learned was the need for control of pathogenic contamination in
treated effluent. This could not be tackled before because of a lack of safe and suitable
technology but is now being attempted through research and by developing a suitable
indigenous technology, which should not impart traces of any harmful residues in the treated
effluent detrimental to the aquatic life. This is an aspect difficult to control in surface waters
in tropical areas, but it is very important for the Ganga because the river water is used
directly by millions of devout individuals for drinking and bathing.
Recommendations
The Action Plans start as "cleanliness drives" and continue in the same noble spirit with the
same zeal and enthusiasm on other major rivers and freshwater bodies. Its effectiveness
could however be enhanced if these efforts could be integrated and well accepted within the
long-term objectives and master plans of the cities, which are constantly under preparation
without adequate attention to the disposal of wastes. More information on polluted
groundwater resources in the respective river basins will prove useful, because the existing
levels of depletion and contamination of groundwater resources, which are already
overexploited and fairly contaminated, will increase the dependency in the future on the
rivers, as the only economical source of drinking water. This aspect has not been seriously
considered in any long-term planning.
12
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
14. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution.
2014
References:
http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/other/ganges.html
http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.
http://www.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/physics/1637757-holistic-studymercurypollution-ganga/
http://www.wordfocus.com/word-ganges.html
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary
13
Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.