This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter about culture and psychology from the book Culture and Psychology by Matsumoto and Juang. It discusses the importance of understanding how culture influences human behavior and psychology. Culture is defined as a dynamic system of rules, attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that are communicated across generations within a group. The development of the concept of culture over time is reviewed from early anthropologists to modern views. A framework is presented showing how culture, biology, ecology, and sociopolitical factors all contribute to human behavior. The goals of understanding cross-cultural differences and applying this knowledge are discussed. Different types of cross-cultural research methods and special issues in making cross-cultural

1. David Matsumoto & Linda Juang
Culture and Research Method
Culture and Psychology
Fang Huizhen & Dr. Hora Tjitra
www.SinauOnline.com

2. An introduction to the Study
of culture and Psychology
Based on: Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture
and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.
@ Tjitra, 2010
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3. Contents
The Study of culture and Psychology
1 Why the study is important ?
2 How to measure culture ?
3 Types of Research
4 Special Issues
5 Our goals
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

4. Why it is important to understand culture and Psychology ?
… …
•Is what we know as •What is the difference
truth or principle between cross-
about human cultural research and
behavior true for all other types of
people? research that change
a parameter of a
study?
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

5. What is culture?
Nationality
Race
Ethnicity
Same?
Culture
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

6. Culture as an abstraction
We see the manifestations of culture, but we
never see culture itself.
Culture is an abstract, explanatory concept
help us understand and categorize.
Those within-group similarities and between-
group difference.
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology 5

7. Culture as an abstraction
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology 6

8. The development of the concept of culture
Tylor
(1865)
Linton
(1936)
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

9. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
Tylor
(1865)
Linton
(1936)
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

10. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
Linton
(1936)
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

11. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
 Groups and units.
Linton
(1936)
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

12. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
 Groups and units.
Linton
(1936)  Attitudes, values, beliefs,
norms, and behaviors
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

13. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
 Groups and units.
Linton
(1936)  Attitudes, values, beliefs,
norms, and behaviors
 Harbored differently by
each specific unit
Kroeber
Kluckholn
(1952)
Soudijn
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

14. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
 Groups and units.
Linton
(1936)  Attitudes, values, beliefs,
norms, and behaviors
 Harbored differently by
each specific unit
Kroeber
Kluckholn  Communicated across
(1952) generations, relatively
Soudijn stable.
(1990)
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

15. The development of the concept of culture
 Dynamic
 System of rules.
Tylor
(1865)
 Groups and units.
Linton
(1936)  Attitudes, values, beliefs,
norms, and behaviors
 Harbored differently by
each specific unit
Kroeber
Kluckholn  Communicated across
(1952) generations, relatively
Soudijn stable.
(1990)
 With the potential to
change across time
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

16. How does culture influence human?
Ecological Biological
Context Differences
Psychological
Subsistence Sex ,Size
economy Weight Characteristics
Cultural
Sociopolitical Practices • Cognitive/
perceptual
Context
• Conformity
Child rearing • Aggression
Acculturation Role assignment
Gender stereotypes
• Achievement
International
media Sex role ideology
A framework for understanding the contributions of culture, biology, ecology, and sociopolitical context to behavior.
Source: Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications, by J. W. Berry, Y. H. Pootinga,

17. Our goals
For For For
diversity life research
Build a body of
knowledge about
Understanding
Meet the challenge people, applying
truth and
of diversity that body of
psychological
and turn that knowledge to
principles as
challenge into intervene in
either universal or
opportunity. people’s lives,
culture-specific
hopefully to make
those lives better.
Chapter 1 , culture and psychology

18. Cross-Cultural
Research Methods
Based on: Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture
and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.
@ Tjitra, 2010
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19. Types of Cross-Cultural Research
Cross-Cultural Comparison Unpackaging Studies
Studies
compares two or more only look for differences among
cultures on some cultures on their target variables ,
psychological variable but also include measurements
of interest. of other variables
Types
Ecological-Level Studies Cross-Cultural
Validation Studies
A relationship between a cultural test the equivalence of
variable and a target variable on the psychological measures and
ecological level does not necessarily tests for use in other cross-
mean that such a relationship exists cultural comparative
on the individual level research.
Chapter 2 , Culture and Psychology

20. Special Issues Concerning Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Equivalence
a state or condition of similarity in conceptual
meaning and empirical method between cultures
that allows comparisons to be meaningful.
Theoretical Methodologi
Issues cal Issues
• Will a hypothesis is • Definitions of
important to test be culture.
important or
meaningful?
? • which cultures
to include in a
• in the same way to study
someone from a Special • sampling
different cultural
background Issues
Chapter 2, Culture and Psychology

21. Guidelines for Reviewing Cross-Cultural Research
ses
naly
dA
Me
an
D ata
th
od
n
tio
s
es
ta
s
he
re
ot
rp
yp
te
&H
In
y
Conclusions or
The
Chapter 2 , Culture and Psychology

22. Waste of resources – problem
Preclude Interpret the
comparison nonequivalnence
Reduce the
Ignore the
nonequivalence
in the data nonequivalence
Chapter 2 , Culture and Psychology

23. www.SinauOnline.com
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24. Thanks You
A n y co m m e nt s & q ue s t i o ns
a re welcom e
Contact me at hora_t@sianuonline.com
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