Language & Communication across Cultures in Cross-cultural Perspective. A Presentation summary based on the book from Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

1. Language
and
Communication:
Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.
A Culture and Psychology Perspective
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Ran Shan, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, February 2011

2. What is “communication”?

What
is
communica-on?

Why
communica-on
is
•
one
of
the
most
important
•
aspects
of
our
lives?

What
is
important
in
the
•
cross-­‐culture
communica-on?
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
2

3. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
3

4. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture, Talent and Change
14
years
in
Germany
Professional activities:
• Academic Teaching and Research, as well as Consulting,
Coaching, Training and Assessment in the area of: 7
years
in
China
- Cross-Cultural Awareness and Communication
- Cross-Cultural Issues in HR Management
- Corporate Learning and Development
- Executive Coaching and Assessment
- Global Leadership Development Program
- Facilitation of Strategic Conference Born
and
grew
up
Large Strategic Change Projects in
Indonesia
-
International and National project references:
• BASF, Siemens, Dupont, Commerzbank, Hugo Boss, SAP,
Barco, GTZ, Telkom Indonesia, etc.
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
3

5. Language Differences across Culture
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
”ore”?
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
”omae”?
...?
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4

6. Language Differences across Culture
Thoughts Culture
Feelings
Motives
Language
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
”ore”?
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
”omae”?
...?
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4

7. Language Differences across Culture
Thoughts Culture
Feelings
Motives
Language
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
Lexicon/
”ore”?
Vocabulary
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
Syntax and
”omae”?
...? Grammar
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4

8. Culture, Language and Cognition:
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
 Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, 1950s.
 Speaker of different languages think differently.
Fishman’s Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Schema
Data
of
Language
Data
of
Cogni3ve
Behavior
Characteris3cs Linguis3c
Data Nonlinguis3c
Data
Lexical/Seman3c Level
1* Level
2
Gramma3cal Level
3 Level
4**
*Least
sophis:cated
**Most
sophis:cated
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
5

9. Bilingualism and Culture
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6

10. Bilingualism and Culture
Language context
would predict
differences in
behavior, and also in
personality.
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6

11. Bilingualism and Culture
Language context Culture-­‐affilia:on
would predict hypothesis
differences in
behavior, and also in Minority
group-­‐affilia:on
personality. hypothesis
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6

12. Bilingualism and Culture
Language context Culture-­‐affilia:on
would predict hypothesis
differences in
behavior, and also in Minority
group-­‐affilia:on
personality. hypothesis
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Foreign language
processing difficulties
Foreign language effect
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6

13. Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism
For much of its history and even
today, the United States has
remained largely monolingual.
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
7

14. Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism
For much of its history and even
today, the United States has
remained largely monolingual.
-- Actually, knowledge of more than one language
may improve cognitive flexibility.
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
7

15. Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8

16. Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes
1.Verbal Communication
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8

17. Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes
1.Verbal Communication
Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal
behaviors Communication Non- behaviors
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8

18. Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes
1.Verbal Communication
Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal
behaviors Communication Non- behaviors
Facial
expressions
Movements
and
gestures
Posture,
body
orienta:on
Tone
and
vocal
characteris:cs
Interpersonal
space
Touching
behaviors
Gaze
and
visual
aLen:on
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8

19. Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes
1.Verbal Communication
Nonverbal 2.Nonverbal
behaviors Communication Non- behaviors
Facial
expressions The
use
of
:me
Movements
and
gestures
Posture,
body
orienta:on The
type
of
clothing
we
wear
Tone
and
vocal
characteris:cs The
architectural
structures
we
live
and
work
Interpersonal
space
Touching
behaviors
The
cosme:c
changes
we
make
Gaze
and
visual
aLen:on to
our
appearance
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8

20. Components of Communication: The Two Major Process
Encoder or Sender Decoding
Encoding The
process
by
which
a
person
receives
signals
from
an
encoder
and
translates
those
signals
into
meaningful
The
process
by
which
people
messages.
select,
consciously
or
unconsciously,
a
par:cular
modality
and
method
by
which
to
create
and
send
a
message
to
someone.
Decoder or receiver
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
9

21. Components of Communication: The Two Major Process
Encoder or Sender Decoding
Encoding The
process
by
which
a
person
receives
signals
from
an
encoder
and
translates
those
signals
into
meaningful
The
process
by
which
people
messages.
select,
consciously
or
unconsciously,
a
par:cular
modality
and
method
by
which
to
create
and
send
a
message
to
someone.
Decoder or receiver
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
9

22. Components of Communication: Others
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10

23. Components of Communication: Others
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
Specific
verbal
language
Signals that
are
sent
during
Nonverbal
behaviors
communica:on.
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10

24. Components of Communication: Others
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
Specific
verbal
language
Signals that
are
sent
during
Nonverbal
behaviors
communica:on.
The
meanings
that
are
intended
or
Knowledge,
ideas,
concepts,
Messages received
with
the
signals. thoughts,
or
emo:ons
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10

25. Components of Communication: Others
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
Specific
verbal
language
Signals that
are
sent
during
Nonverbal
behaviors
communica:on.
The
meanings
that
are
intended
or
Knowledge,
ideas,
concepts,
Messages received
with
the
signals. thoughts,
or
emo:ons
The
specific
sensory
modali:es
by
Channels which
signals
are
sent
and
Sight
or
sound
messages
are
retrieved.
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10

26. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

27. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Encoding
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

28. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Encoding
Decoding
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

29. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Encoding
Decoding
Stereotypes
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

30. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Encoding
Decoding
Stereotypes Culture
filters,
ethnocentrism,
emo:ons,
and
value
judgments
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

31. The Role of Culture in the Communication Process
Culture influences on:
Encoding
Decoding
Stereotypes Culture
filters,
ethnocentrism,
Social
cogni3on
emo:ons,
and
value
judgments
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11

32. Intracultural versus Intercultural Communication (1)
Intracultural Intercultural
Within
one
culture Cross-­‐culture
Code
and
rules
of
Same Different
encoding
&
decoding
Uncertainty
and
ambiguity
Nega3ve
effects Stereotypes
Even
conflict
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
12

33. Intracultural versus Intercultural Communication (2)
1 3
2 4
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
13

34. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

35. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of
similarities
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

36. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of Language
similarities differences
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

37. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of Language
similarities differences
Barriers to Effective Nonverbal
Communication
(Barna,1996)
misinterpretations
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

38. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of Language
similarities differences
Barriers to Effective Nonverbal
Communication
(Barna,1996)
misinterpretations
Preconceptions
and stereotypes
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

39. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of Language
similarities differences
Barriers to Effective Nonverbal
Communication
(Barna,1996)
misinterpretations
Tendency to Preconceptions
evaluate and stereotypes
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

40. Improving Intercultural Communication (1)
Assumptions of Language
similarities differences
High anxiety or Barriers to Effective Nonverbal
Communication
tension (Barna,1996)
misinterpretations
Tendency to Preconceptions
evaluate and stereotypes
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14

41. Improving Intercultural Communication (2)
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15

42. Improving Intercultural Communication (2)
Mindfulness
(allows
people
to
be
conscious
of
their
own
habits,
mental
scripts,
and
cultural
expecta3ons
concerning
communica3on)
Concepts to
improve Uncertainty
Reduc-on
(one
of
the
major
goals
of
ini3al
Communication intercultural
encounters)
“Face”
(in
collec3vis3c
culture)
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15

43. Improving Intercultural Communication (2)
Mindfulness
(allows
people
to
be
conscious
of
their
own
habits,
mental
scripts,
and
cultural
expecta3ons
concerning
communica3on)
Concepts to
improve Uncertainty
Reduc-on
(one
of
the
major
goals
of
ini3al
Communication intercultural
encounters)
“Face”
(in
collec3vis3c
culture)
Emo3onal
Regula3on,
Openness,
Flexibility
Keys
to
confron3ng
cultural
differences
Cri3cal
Thinking
Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15

44. Thank
You
Contact us via …
Mail: hora_t@mac.com
Follow: twitter@htjitra
Website: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)