RF & BTS Parameter Collection
Deployment Plan
EMF calculation using formulae (software based)
EMF testing using specialized EMF testers
Identify RF restricted areas where over-exposure is a possibility
Documentation & Report generation
3. INTRODUCTION
EMFs are invisible lines of force created whenever electricity is
generated or used. EMFs are produced by power lines, electric wiring,
and electric equipment and appliances. The frequency of EMFs is
measured in hertz (Hz, or cycles per second). People are exposed to
both electric and magnetic fields, but scientists are most concerned
about magnetic fields.
In all examples of EMF, the energy field causes a change in
everything it encounters.
EMF (or Electro Magnetic Field) is a broad term which includes
electric fields generated by charged particles, magnetic fields
generated by charged particles in motion, and radiated fields such as
RF antenna and microwaves. Electric fields are measured in units of
volts per meter or V/m.
4. EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEING
common complaints
Concentration, memory, behavior, etc
Epidemiological studies - Sleep disruption, Headache ,Depression,
discomfort, irritability, nausea, dizziness, appetite loss, muscle spasms,
numbness, tingling, altered reflexes.
Measure Effects
Blood Brain barrier
DNA Damage
High Risk to Children
Fetus and Mother
Effect on Skin
Tinnitus and Ear Damage
Increase in Cancer risk
Effect on Environment
Sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits living near base stations affected
9. Steps to be Safe from Cell Phone
Radiation
1 .Limited use only : Listen Carefully , Call of two minute also
changes the natural electrical activity of the brain. Therefore, it
is better to use your mobile phone for limited calls only and for
short period of time.
2 . Keep Kids Away : These radiations harm them the most,
because they have developing skull. So allow them to call in
case of emergency only.
3 . Use Air tube headset : The Air tube headset is more better
because , the regular wired headset generates radiation with
more intensity. The wired headset not only transmits the
radiation but also serves as an antenna attracting
electromagnetic fields from the surroundings.
4 . Keep away from your lower body area(When its ON) : The
lower portion of body has good conductivity and absorption
power than upper portion of body. A study showed that if a
person wears cell phones near the lower body portion, it could
have their sperm count dropped by as much as 30 percent.
10. Steps to be Safe from Cell Phone
Radiation
5 . Wait till connection is made : If you are using your mobile phone
with a headset, then wait for the call to connect before placing
next to the ear.
6 . Don’t use in enclosed spaces (metal enclosure) : The metal
enclosure also acts as a cage that traps the radiation and reflects it
back onto the user.
7 . Never make calls at low signal strength : This makes your cell to
work harder to establish a connection.
8 . Buy a phone with a low SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) : he SAR
level is the way to measure the radio frequency of mobile phone. If
SAR level is low, it will generate less radiation. So, whenever you
purchase your mobile phone see the SAR level.
9 . Use validated EMF protection device : Do not use second hand
mobile phones; because when you are not using your mobile
phone, still they generate second EMF radiation.
11. Revised Test procedures for EMF
measurement
Scope
The main aim of the measurement is to confirm the compliance of base station
installation as per the limits prescribed by the Department of Telecommunications.
The latest current limits/reference level are reproduced below
Types of Frequency Electric field Magnetic Equivalent
Exposure range Strength field Plane Wave
(v/m) Strength Power Density
(a/m) S eq ( w/m2)
General 400-2000MHz 0.434f1/2 0.0011f1/2 f/2000
Public 2-300GHz 19.29 0.05 1
Notes: 1 GHz = 1000 MHz
12. Revised Test procedures for EMF
measurement
NOTE:
ICNIRP stand for International Commission for Non- ionizing Radiation
Protection
An inherently compliant source for International Commission on Non –
ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits has EIRP less than 2 W.
For each site, an installation belongs to the normally compliant class, if the
following criterion is fulfilled:
where EIRPi is the temporal averaged radiated power of the antenna at a particular
frequency i, and EIRPth,i is the EIRP threshold relevant to the particular antenna
parameters and accessibility conditions.
13. Difference Between old guideline
and new guideline
Old Guideline New Guideline
ICNIRP limit is less than 0.5 ICNIRP limit is less than 1 but TEC allows
but TEC allows (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio to be (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio to be less than 0.5
less than 0.5
Building with in 20 m from Building with in 60 m from
middle of cell tower middle of cell tower
14. Difference Between old guideline
and new guideline
Frequency Old Guideline New Guideline Formula
range Formula Power Power Density ( w/m2)
Density ( w/m2)
1. f/200 f/2000 MHz
2. 900 900/200=4.5( w/m2) 900/2000=0.45 ( w/m2)
3. 1800 1800/200=9( w/m2) 1800/2000=0.9 ( w/m2)
4. 2100 10( w/m2) 1 ( w/m2)
18. Guideline to ascertain the height of the
antenna for calculation method
Case 1: GBT (Antenna installed on (If tower ht is
top of the tower) 30m)
h= 30m
(If building ht b
Case 2: RTT (Antenna installed on is 10m)
h
a roof top tower On the terrace of Mast/tower ht
a building) is 12m
h= 12m
b
19. Guideline to ascertain the height of the
antenna for calculation method
(If building ht b
Case 3: RTP(Antenna installed on h is 10m)
a pole on the terrace of a Pole ht is 6m,
building, Serving outside the h= (b+h) = 16m
building) b
Case 4: RTP p (If building ht b
Antenna installed on an h t is 10m)
inaccessible building Pole ht p is 6 m
Height Water tank, LMR etc. Water
b tank/LMR ht is
3m
h= (p + t) = 9m
20. RESPONSIBILITY OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AT
SHARED SITES
(1) A shared site may be defined as having:
(a) Multiple towers on the same or different plots within 60 m radius.
(b) Multiple Roof Top Poles on a BTS Site/ Adjacent Building within 60 m radius.
(2) Responsibility for EMF compliance of shared site shall lie with all the participating
operators.
(3) Placement of signage at shared site will also be joint responsibility of all the
participating operators.
(4) For self certification of shared sites, participating operators will also separately issue
self certification of their individual BTS.
(5) In case of overall non-compliance of shared site, penalty shall be imposed on all
participating operators.
21. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
Evaluation of EMF for telecommunication installations can be done by following
techniques:
(i) Calculation Method
Following two methods are being prescribed. Either of which could be used
for predicting compliance to the radiation limits.
(a) Prediction of RF Fields.
(b) Calculation Method for determination of EIRPth
(ii) Field Measurement Approach.
(iii) Electromagnetic mapping by software simulation method.
An assessment of the value of (EIRP / EIRPth), is made at various publicly
accessible points in the environment surrounding the BTS Site under study (On
rooftop, On Ground, and at adjacent buildings).
The assessment is based on the formulae given in the Appendix-A of this
document for measurement of EMF from BTS.
22. Formula & Calculation Procedure
As Per ICNIRP LIMIT:
1.Calculation of maximum power density exposure
S limit=1800/2000=0.9w
2.Calculation the maximum safe distance by rearranging the equation
S=EIRP/(3.14R2)
where EIRP is stand for Equivalent Isotropic Radiated power
Exclusion Zone Length a(m) Calculation
From the distance from the Antenna
R min=(EIRP/3.14*9)1/2
So a(m)=Exclusion zone Length=R min
23. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
Calculation of ASL
Asl is the Attenuation of the largest side lobe of the antenna in Vertical
Pattern w.r.t. main lobe, converted to decimal.
Suppose Side Lobe Attenuation 17 (dB)
So that ASL=power(10(-17/10))= 0.0199526 =0.02
Calculation of EIRP(BCCH)
EIRP(BCCH)=Tx power-Combiner loss-(Cable length*Unit loss)
+Antenna Gain in dbm
26. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
CATEGORY 2
Antenna is installed at ground level-the
Center of radiation is at a height h above level.
There is an adjacent building or structure accessible
To the general public and of approximately
Height h located a distance d from the antenna
Along the direction of propagation.
There is a constraint h>3m
27. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
CATEGORY 3
Antenna is installed at ground level-the
Center of radiation is at a height h above level.
There is an adjacent building or structure accessible
To the general public and of approximately
Height h’ located a distance d from the antenna
Along the direction of propagation.
There is a constraint h>3m.
29. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
Similar calculations are made for the other operators and total ratio calculated as
under:
Σ(EIRP/EIRPth) = (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op1 + (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op2 + (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op3
Safety Signage
The mobile service operator will ensure provision of proper signage warning entry of
general public of the exclusion zones. The sign board should be clearly visible and
identifiable and may contain the following text in black over white background:
30. Conclusion between Old Guide line and
New Guideline
•f/200 has been changed to f/2000 in the formula
used for calculating EIRP/EIRPth.
•With the change in formula, the new EIRP/EIRPth of
the BTS site will be 10 times of the pre value calculated with f/200.
•For the purpose of self certification the new (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio should be less than
0.5 i.e. to the extent of 50% of revised DoT limits (< 1).
•The sites having previous (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio less than 0.05 calculated with f/200 are
self complied.
•Broadband measurements will be done for first stage audit verification by TERM Cell
certify EMF compliance of BTS subject to the condition that measured values do not
exceed 50% of levels/ limits prescribed by DOT for general public.
•Frequency selective measurements with extrapolation for maximum traffic must be
performed if the broadband measurement exceeds 50 % of limits prescribed by DOT.
•Mobile Service operator may self certify their BTS for compliance of limits after
assessment estimated levels of EMR up to 60 meters (Previous 20 meters) radius of
the BTS.
•A Google picture (sketch up) of 60 m radius area around the site with high buildings
(comparable to the lowest antenna AGL on site) marked on the picture to be attached
in the Site Lay out. This should be verifiable on Google.
